<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109</id><updated>2012-01-07T20:03:12.391+01:00</updated><category term='May 24'/><category term='June 15'/><category term='June 9'/><category term='June 23'/><category term='June 1'/><category term='May 31'/><category term='June 11'/><category term='June 20'/><category term='May 19'/><category term='May 14'/><category term='May 11'/><category term='May 27'/><category term='June 5'/><category term='June 18'/><category term='June 24'/><category term='June 12'/><category term='May 18'/><category term='May 23'/><category term='May 15'/><category term='June 21'/><category term='May 20'/><category term='June 16'/><category term='June 19'/><category term='June 2'/><category term='June 8'/><category term='May 26'/><category term='June 13'/><category term='May 9'/><category term='June 4'/><category term='May 17'/><category term='May 29'/><category term='May 21'/><category term='June 25'/><category term='May 5'/><category term='May 13'/><category term='June 10'/><category term='May 25'/><category term='June 7'/><category term='May 28'/><category term='May 30'/><category term='June 3'/><category term='June 22'/><category term='May 22'/><category term='June 6'/><category term='May 4'/><category term='June 17'/><category term='June 26'/><category term='May 16'/><category term='June 14'/><title type='text'>My Best Friend's Birthday</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>65</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1636879353739424431</id><published>2011-06-26T17:22:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-26T17:22:38.375+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 26'/><title type='text'>Francisco Pizarro González (Spanish)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YMbbX9k1Ux8/TgdOSsGWWkI/AAAAAAAAAOk/eNipmrfv30o/s1600/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YMbbX9k1Ux8/TgdOSsGWWkI/AAAAAAAAAOk/eNipmrfv30o/s320/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg" width="209" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Francisco Pizarro González, Marqués&lt;/b&gt; (Trujillo, Cáceres, 16 de marzo de 1478&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-artehistoria.jcyl.es_0-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-artehistoria.jcyl.es-0"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;— Lima, 26 de junio de 1541) fue el explorador y conquistador español del Perú,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; gobernador de Nueva Castilla (actual territorio peruano) con sede de gobierno en La Ciudad De Los Reyes (Lima). Es recordado por haber logrado imponerse sobre el Imperio incaico con ayuda de diversos cacicazgos locales, conquistando el mencionado estado imperial cuyo centro de gobierno se ubicaba en el hoy Perú, y estableciendo una dependencia española sobre él. Si bien tuvo el título de &lt;i&gt;marqués&lt;/i&gt;, fue "&lt;i&gt;marqués sin marquesado&lt;/i&gt;";&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; sus descendientes tuvieron el título de &lt;i&gt;marqueses de la Conquista&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Sin embargo, es muy posible que le fuera concedido el título de marqués  de los Atavillos, siendo este el título utilizado por el cronista don  Francisco López de Gomara en su Historia General de las Indias, capítulo  CXXXII. Para sus huestes indígenas era conocido como &lt;i&gt;Apu&lt;/i&gt; (Jefe, Señor, General) o &lt;i&gt;Machu Capitán&lt;/i&gt; (Viejo Capitán).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Francisco Pizarro nació en la ciudad de Trujillo (Extremadura). Existen dudas acerca de la fecha exacta de su nacimiento puesto que, si para unos historiadores fue el 16 de marzo de 1476, para otros fue la misma fecha, pero del año 1478. Algunos historiadores llegan a hablar de 1473.&lt;br /&gt;Fue hijo natural del hidalgo Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar, llamado "El Largo", que participó en las campañas de Italia, bajo el mando de Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba,  y de Francisca González y Mateos, campesina y doncella de la tía de  Gonzalo, Beatriz Pizarro, devota del Convento de San Francisco el Real  (junto a la Puerta de la Coria).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YXhDL_IMHeo/TgdObWjmjfI/AAAAAAAAAOo/hnDKQtM3JM0/s1600/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YXhDL_IMHeo/TgdObWjmjfI/AAAAAAAAAOo/hnDKQtM3JM0/s200/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" width="143" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A la edad de 20 años se alistó en los tercios españoles que, a las órdenes de Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, el Gran Capitán, luchaban en las conocidas como campañas de Nápoles  contra los franceses. Según López de Gómara habría servido bajo las  órdenes de éste, siempre como soldado, en el sur de la Península,  Calabria y Sicilia. Regresa a Sevilla, donde permanecerá hasta su marcha  a América. Poco se sabe de su estancia en esta ciudad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1531 llega a Perú, lugar de la muerte por viruela del emperador Inca Huayna Cápac, lo que desató a su vez una guerra civil que enfrentó a los sucesores, Atahualpa y a su hermano, el Sapa Inca Huáscar.  Francisco Pizarro fue invitado por el Inca Atahualpa a encontrarse en  Cajamarca, por intermedio de un emisario muy allegado a él. El emisario  se encontró con los españoles en Cajas y además de llevarle regalos  (patos desollados, vasijas en forma de fortaleza, etc.) midió las  fuerzas de los españoles y lo invitó a continuar su marcha por el valle  del Chancay, cerca del pueblo de Chongoyape hasta Cajamarca para  entrevistarse con Atahualpa, Pizarro aceptó y le envió una fina camisa  de Holanda y dos copas de vidrio al Inca como regalo; se adentró en  territorio Inca con 168 soldados y 37 caballos, se dirigió a Cajamarca, donde toma prisionero a Atahualpa (16 de noviembre de 1532)  y, a pesar de haber recibido el rescate más alto de la historia, le  manda ajusticiar por los delitos de sublevación y de haber ordenado  ejecutar a Huáscar, aunque Pizarro se niega a quemar vivo al Inca.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CPfqdUAUE88/TgdOnduJn1I/AAAAAAAAAOs/kBkZBoHjCSo/s1600/Estatua_ecuestre_de_Pizarro_%2528Trujillo%252C_Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CPfqdUAUE88/TgdOnduJn1I/AAAAAAAAAOs/kBkZBoHjCSo/s200/Estatua_ecuestre_de_Pizarro_%2528Trujillo%252C_Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529_01.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mantuvo una estrecha alianza con la nobleza del Cuzco, partidaria de Huáscar, lo cual le permitió completar la conquista del Perú. Tras nombrar Inca a un hermano de Atahualpa, Túpac Hualpa, marcha al Cuzco, capital del Imperio inca, ocupándola en noviembre de 1533. Su hermano Juan es nombrado regidor de la ciudad. Contrajo matrimonio bajo el rito católico con la hija del emperador Inca Huayna Cápac, Quispe Sisa, bautizada como Inés Huaylas, con la cual tuvo una primera hija que llamó como su padre, Francisca Pizarro Yupanqui y Gonzalo el segundo hijo del Conquistador, que murió joven. Francisco Pizarro ordenó la ejecución de Atahualpa, a pesar de su aparente cariño por él mientras estuvo prisionero. El 18 de enero de 1535, fundó en la costa la Ciudad de los Reyes, pronto conocida como Lima, y Trujillo, con lo que se inició la colonización efectiva de los territorios conquistados. Mientras tanto, su hermano Hernando, que había partido a España para entregar el Quinto del Rey a la corona, regresó portando el título de marqués para su hermano Francisco, y el de adelantado para Almagro, al cual se le habían concedido 200 leguas al sur del territorio atribuido a Pizarro.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1636879353739424431?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1636879353739424431/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/francisco-pizarro-gonzalez-spanish.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1636879353739424431'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1636879353739424431'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/francisco-pizarro-gonzalez-spanish.html' title='Francisco Pizarro González (Spanish)'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YMbbX9k1Ux8/TgdOSsGWWkI/AAAAAAAAAOk/eNipmrfv30o/s72-c/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-3223089094600473111</id><published>2011-06-26T17:15:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-26T17:15:09.505+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 26'/><title type='text'>Francisco Pizarro González (English)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cvJsuwMd8HA/TgdMEbYlH_I/AAAAAAAAAOY/3oepYBhS184/s1600/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cvJsuwMd8HA/TgdMEbYlH_I/AAAAAAAAAOY/3oepYBhS184/s320/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg" width="209" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; c. 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish &lt;i&gt;conquistador&lt;/i&gt;, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pizarro was born in the town of Trujillo, in modern day Extremadura, Spain. Sources differ in the birth year they assign to him: 1471, 1475–1478, or unknown. He was an out-of-wedlock son of Gonzalo Pizarro Rodríguez de Aguilar (senior) (1446–1522) who as colonel of infantry served in the Italian campaigns under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, and in Navarre,  with some distinction. His mother was Francisca González Mateos, a  woman of slender means from Trujillo, daughter of Juan Mateos, of the  family called &lt;i&gt;Los Roperos&lt;/i&gt;, and wife María Alonso, &lt;i&gt;labradores pecheros&lt;/i&gt;  from Trujillo. His mother married late in life and had a son Francisco  Martín de Alcántara, married to Inés Muñoz, who from the beginning was  at the conquest of Peru, where he then lived, always at his brother's  side, who held him always as one of his most trusted men.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Through his father, Francisco was second cousin once removed to Hernán Cortés, the famed &lt;i&gt;conquistador&lt;/i&gt; of the Aztec Empire.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 13 February 1502, Pizarro sailed from Spain with the newly appointed Governor of Hispaniola, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, on a fleet of 30 ships. It was the largest fleet that had ever sailed to the New World. The 30 ships carried 2,500 colonists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1532 Pizarro once again landed in the coasts near Ecuador, where  some gold, silver, and emeralds were procured and then dispatched to  Almagro, who had stayed in Panama to gather more recruits. Though  Pizarro's main objective was to then set sail and dock at Tumbes like  his previous expedition, he was forced to confront the Punian natives in  the Battle of Puná, leaving three Spaniards dead and 400 dead or wounded Punians. Soon after, Hernando de Soto,  another conquistador that had joined the expedition, arrived to aid  Pizarro and with him sailed towards Tumbes, only to find the place  deserted and destroyed. Their two fellow conquistadors expected they had  disappeared or died under murky circumstances. The chiefs explained the  fierce tribes of Punians had attacked them and ransacked the place.&lt;br /&gt;As Tumbes no longer afforded the safe accommodations Pizarro sought,  he decided to lead an excursion into the interior of the land and  established the first Spanish settlement in Peru (third in South America  after Santa Marta, Colombia in 1526), calling it San Miguel de Piura in July 1532. The first &lt;i&gt;repartimiento&lt;/i&gt;  in Peru was established here. After these events, Hernando de Soto was  dispatched to explore the new lands and, after various days away,  returned with an envoy from the Inca himself and a few presents with an invitation for a meeting with the Spaniards.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4ohJ3XQKrLI/TgdMVqi_qNI/AAAAAAAAAOc/BnKj-0JvqX4/s1600/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4ohJ3XQKrLI/TgdMVqi_qNI/AAAAAAAAAOc/BnKj-0JvqX4/s320/Pizarro_in_Lima.JPG" width="229" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Following the defeat of his brother, Huascar, Atahualpa  had been resting in the Sierra of northern Peru, near Cajamarca, in the  nearby thermal baths known today as the Baños del Inca (Incan Baths).  After marching for almost two months towards Cajamarca, Pizarro and his  force of just 106 foot-soldiers and 62 horsemen arrived and initiated  proceedings for a meeting with Atahualpa. Pizarro sent Hernando de Soto,  friar Vicente de Valverde  and native interpreter Felipillo to approach Atahualpa at Cajamarca's  central plaza. Atahualpa, however, refused the Spanish presence in his  land by saying he would "be no man's tributary." His complacency,  because there were fewer than 200 Spanish as opposed to his 80,000  soldiers sealed his fate and that of the Incan empire.&lt;br /&gt;Atahualpa's refusal led Pizarro and his force to attack the Incan army in what became the Battle of Cajamarca  on 16 November 1532. The Spanish were successful and Pizarro executed  Atahualpa's 12-man honor guard and took the Inca captive at the  so-called ransom room. Despite fulfilling his promise of filling one room (22 feet (7&amp;nbsp;m) by 17 feet (5&amp;nbsp;m) &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  with gold and two with silver, Atahualpa was convicted of killing his  brother and plotting against Pizarro and his forces, and was executed by  garrote  on 26 July 1533. Pizarro wished to find a reason for executing  Atahualpa without angering the people he was attempting to subdue.  Pizarro's brother Hernando and de Soto opposed Atahualpa's execution,  considering it an injustice. They objected to the evidence as wholly  insufficient and were of the opinion that Pizzaro had no competence to  sentence a sovereign prince in his own dominions.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A year later, Pizarro invaded Cuzco  with indigenous troops and with it sealed the conquest of Peru. It is  argued by some historians that the growing resistance from the new Inca,  Manco Inca Yupanqui, prolonged the conquest. Manco Inca Yupanqui was the brother of the puppet ruler, Tupac Huallpa.&lt;br /&gt;During the exploration of Cuzco, Pizarro was impressed and through his officers wrote back to King Charles I of Spain, saying:&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;i&gt;This city is the greatest and the finest ever seen in this  country or anywhere in the Indies... We can assure your Majesty that it  is so beautiful and has such fine buildings that it would be remarkable  even in Spain.&lt;/i&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-niYechJS5q4/TgdMukUGKxI/AAAAAAAAAOg/7WI9VeQ_fjI/s1600/Estatua_ecuestre_de_Pizarro_%2528Trujillo%252C_Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-niYechJS5q4/TgdMukUGKxI/AAAAAAAAAOg/7WI9VeQ_fjI/s200/Estatua_ecuestre_de_Pizarro_%2528Trujillo%252C_Espa%25C3%25B1a%2529_01.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the Spanish had sealed the conquest of Peru by taking Cuzco in 1533, Jauja in the fertile Mantaro Valley  was established as Peru's provisional capital in April 1534. But it was  too far up in the mountains and far from the sea to serve as the  Spanish capital of Peru. Pizarro thus founded the city of Lima  in Peru's central coast on 18 January 1535, a foundation that he  considered as one of the most important things he had created in life.&lt;br /&gt;After the final effort of the Inca to recover Cuzco had been defeated by Almagro,  a dispute occurred between him and Pizarro respecting the limits of  their jurisdiction. This led to confrontations between the Pizarro brothers and Almagro, who was eventually defeated during the Battle of Las Salinas (1538) and executed. Almagro's son, also named Diego and known as "&lt;i&gt;El Mozo&lt;/i&gt;", was later stripped of his lands and left bankrupt by Pizarro.&lt;br /&gt;Atahualpa's wife, ten year old Cuxirimay Ocllo Yupanqui, was with  Atahualpa's army in Cajamarca and had stayed with him while he was  imprisoned. Following his execution she was taken to Cuzco  and given the name Dona Angelina. By 1538 it was known she was  Pizarro's mistress, having borne him two sons, Juan and Francisco.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-3223089094600473111?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/3223089094600473111/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/francisco-pizarro-gonzalez-english.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3223089094600473111'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3223089094600473111'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/francisco-pizarro-gonzalez-english.html' title='Francisco Pizarro González (English)'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cvJsuwMd8HA/TgdMEbYlH_I/AAAAAAAAAOY/3oepYBhS184/s72-c/Francisco-Pizarro-um1540.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-4664017635425222181</id><published>2011-06-25T12:15:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-25T12:15:41.341+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 25'/><title type='text'>Antoni Gaudí i Cornet</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qEDVIYsMTTI/TgWyTmZsCFI/AAAAAAAAAOE/nm1GemlFtI0/s1600/Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qEDVIYsMTTI/TgWyTmZsCFI/AAAAAAAAAOE/nm1GemlFtI0/s200/Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg" width="145" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7iWpx2W-B8Y/TgWzqh7eJGI/AAAAAAAAAOI/Z4lAZc_vFzY/s1600/casa-batllo2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Antoni Gaudí i Cornet&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;(Riudoms or Reus&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 25 June 1852 – Barcelona, 10 June 1926) was a Spanish Catalan architect and the best-known representative of Catalan Modernism.  Gaudí's works are marked by a highly individual style and the vast  majority of them are situated in the Catalan capital of Barcelona,  including his magnum opus, the Sagrada Família.&lt;br /&gt;Much of Gaudí's work was marked by the four passions of his life: architecture, nature, religion and his love for Catalonia.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Gaudí meticulously studied every detail of his creations, integrating  into his architecture a series of crafts, in which he himself was  skilled, such as ceramics, stained glass, wrought ironwork forging and carpentry. He also introduced new techniques in the treatment of the materials, such as his famous &lt;i&gt;trencadís&lt;/i&gt;, made of waste ceramic pieces. After a few years under the influence of neo-Gothic art, and certain oriental tendencies, Gaudí became part of the Catalan &lt;i&gt;Modernista&lt;/i&gt;  movement which was then at its peak, towards the end of the 19th  century and the beginning of the 20th. Gaudí's work, however,  transcended mainstream &lt;i&gt;Modernisme&lt;/i&gt;, culminating in an organic  style that was inspired by nature without losing the influence of the  experiences gained earlier in his career. Rarely did Gaudí draw detailed  plans of his works and instead preferred to create them as three-dimensional scale models, moulding all details as he was conceiving them in his mind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5TnLl_mpNQA/TgWzyxBvjdI/AAAAAAAAAOM/HOyjftVi9VU/s1600/drac.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="108" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5TnLl_mpNQA/TgWzyxBvjdI/AAAAAAAAAOM/HOyjftVi9VU/s200/drac.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Gaudí’s work has widespread international appeal, and there are  innumerable studies devoted to his way of understanding architecture.  Today he is admired by both professionals and the general public: his  masterpiece, the Sagrada Família, is one of the most visited monuments  in Spain.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Between 1984 and 2005 seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.  He awakened to his Roman Catholic faith during his life and many  religious symbols can be seen in his works, a fact which has led to his  being nicknamed "God's Architect"&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and calls for him to be beatified.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6CKJMVFO-c/TgWz4KksdpI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/1VcjwQSTBBI/s1600/Templo+Expiatorio+de+la+Sagrada+Familia+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6CKJMVFO-c/TgWz4KksdpI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/1VcjwQSTBBI/s200/Templo+Expiatorio+de+la+Sagrada+Familia+2.jpg" width="142" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Antoni Gaudí i Cornet&lt;/b&gt; (Riudoms o Reus,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 25 de junio de 1852 – Barcelona, 10 de junio de 1926) fue un arquitecto español, máximo representante del modernismo catalán.&lt;br /&gt;Gaudí fue un arquitecto con un sentido innato de la geometría y el volumen,  así como una gran capacidad imaginativa que le permitía proyectar  mentalmente la mayoría de sus obras antes de pasarlas a planos. De  hecho, pocas veces realizaba planos detallados de sus obras; prefería  recrearlos sobre maquetas tridimensionales,  moldeando todos los detalles según los iba ideando mentalmente. En  otras ocasiones, iba improvisando sobre la marcha, dando instrucciones a  sus colaboradores sobre lo que tenían que hacer.&lt;br /&gt;Dotado de una fuerte intuición y capacidad creativa, Gaudí concebía  sus edificios de una forma global, atendiendo tanto a las soluciones estructurales como las funcionales y decorativas.  Estudiaba hasta el más mínimo detalle de sus creaciones, integrando en  la arquitectura toda una serie de trabajos artesanales que dominaba él  mismo a la perfección: cerámica, vidriería, forja de hierro, carpintería, etc. Asimismo, introdujo nuevas técnicas en el tratamiento de los materiales, como su famoso “trencadís” hecho con piezas de cerámica de desecho.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7iWpx2W-B8Y/TgWzqh7eJGI/AAAAAAAAAOI/Z4lAZc_vFzY/s1600/casa-batllo2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="175" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7iWpx2W-B8Y/TgWzqh7eJGI/AAAAAAAAAOI/Z4lAZc_vFzY/s200/casa-batllo2.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después de unos inicios influenciado por el arte neogótico, así como ciertas tendencias orientalizantes, Gaudí desembocó en el modernismo en su época de mayor efervescencia, entre finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.  Sin embargo, el arquitecto reusense fue más allá del modernismo  ortodoxo, creando un estilo personal basado en la observación de la  naturaleza, fruto del cual fue su utilización de formas geométricas regladas, como el paraboloide hiperbólico, el hiperboloide, el helicoide y el conoide.&lt;br /&gt;La arquitectura de Gaudí está marcada por un fuerte sello personal,  caracterizado por la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones estructurales, que  logró después de toda una vida dedicada al análisis de la estructura  óptima del edificio, integrado en su entorno y siendo una síntesis de  todas las artes y oficios. Mediante el estudio y la práctica de nuevas y  originales soluciones, la obra de Gaudí culminará en un estilo  orgánico, inspirado en la naturaleza, pero sin perder la experiencia  aportada por estilos anteriores, generando una obra arquitectónica que  es una simbiosis perfecta de la tradición y la innovación. Asimismo,  toda su obra está marcada por las que fueron sus cuatro grandes pasiones  en la vida: la arquitectura, la naturaleza, la religión y el amor a Cataluña.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gASVqOe8cMM/TgW0dEdU1KI/AAAAAAAAAOU/gCzETykxlX0/s1600/gaudi+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gASVqOe8cMM/TgW0dEdU1KI/AAAAAAAAAOU/gCzETykxlX0/s200/gaudi+3.jpg" width="185" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gASVqOe8cMM/TgW0dEdU1KI/AAAAAAAAAOU/gCzETykxlX0/s1600/gaudi+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;La obra de Gaudí ha alcanzado con el transcurso del tiempo una amplia  difusión internacional, siendo innumerables los estudios dedicados a su  forma de entender la arquitectura. Hoy día es admirado tanto por  profesionales como por el público en general: la Sagrada Familia es  actualmente uno de los monumentos más visitados de España.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="corchete-llamada"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Entre 1984 y 2005 siete de sus obras han sido consideradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;”La belleza es el resplandor de la verdad, y como que el arte es belleza, sin verdad no hay arte”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Antoni Gaudí&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-7"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-4664017635425222181?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/4664017635425222181/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/antoni-gaudi-i-cornet.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4664017635425222181'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4664017635425222181'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/antoni-gaudi-i-cornet.html' title='Antoni Gaudí i Cornet'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qEDVIYsMTTI/TgWyTmZsCFI/AAAAAAAAAOE/nm1GemlFtI0/s72-c/Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1957705988042442377</id><published>2011-06-24T10:20:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-24T10:20:16.917+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 24'/><title type='text'>Picasso exhibits his paintings for the first time in Paris</title><content type='html'>The reaction in the late 19th century against naturalism in art led to a  sequence of different movements in the 20th century. In each of these  periods of innovation Pablo Picasso played an important part. He said  that to repeat oneself is to go against “the constant flight forward of  the spirit.” Primarily a painter, he also became a fine sculptor,  engraver, and ceramist.&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qcw76yoHlZ4/TgRG8-H5WgI/AAAAAAAAANs/6_eslzMIsdI/s1600/piacasso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qcw76yoHlZ4/TgRG8-H5WgI/AAAAAAAAANs/6_eslzMIsdI/s200/piacasso.jpg" width="158" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Pablo Ruiz y Picasso was born on Oct. 25,  1881, in Málaga, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain. His father, an art  teacher, early recognized his son's genius. Picasso studied at the  Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona, where his father was appointed  professor in 1896. Pablo had already mastered realistic technique,  however, and had little use for school. At 16 he had his own studio in  Barcelona. In 1900 he first visited Paris, and in 1904 he settled there.&lt;br /&gt;Picasso's  personal style began to form in the years from 1901 to 1904, a period  often referred to as his blue period because of the pervasive blue tones  he used in his paintings at that time. In 1905, as he became more  successful, Picasso altered his palette, and the blue tones gave way to a  terra-cotta color, a shade of deep pinkish red. At the same time his  subject matter grew less melancholy and included dancers, acrobats, and  harlequins. The paintings he did during the years between 1905 and 1907  are said to belong to his rose period.&lt;br /&gt;In 1907 Picasso struck off in an entirely different direction with &lt;em class="article-i"&gt;Les Demoiselles d'Avignon&lt;/em&gt;.  This painting shows the influence of his new fascination with primitive  art and carvings, especially those of African origin. The picture  represents a major turning point in art because it opened the door to  cubism and the later abstract movement. Working with his friend and  fellow painter Georges Braque, Picasso began experimenting with  increasingly analytical and geometric forms. His painting &lt;em class="article-i"&gt;The Three Musicians&lt;/em&gt;, which dates from 1921, is one of his major achievements using this technique (&lt;em class="article-i"&gt;see&lt;/em&gt; painting).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hoazPjx0Btk/TgRHOWpCx_I/AAAAAAAAANw/fZGuQHgA_pk/s1600/Actornino.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hoazPjx0Btk/TgRHOWpCx_I/AAAAAAAAANw/fZGuQHgA_pk/s320/Actornino.jpeg" width="160" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;In  1917 Picasso had gone to Rome to design costumes and scenery for Sergey  Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. This work stimulated another departure in  Picasso's work, and he began to paint the works now referred to as  belonging to his classic period, which lasted from about 1918 until  1925.&lt;br /&gt;At the same time he was working on designs for the ballet,  Picasso also continued to develop the cubist technique, making it less  rigorous and austere. By the time he painted &lt;em class="article-i"&gt;Guernica&lt;/em&gt;,  his moving vision of the Spanish Civil War, the straight lines of early  cubism had given way to curved forms. This huge painting, considered by  many to be his masterpiece, was Picasso's response to the 1937 bombing  by the Fascist forces of the small Basque town of Guernica. He completed  this emotional political statement in the same year. In it, as in many  of his later pictures, distortions of form approach surrealism, but  Picasso never called himself a surrealist.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From about 1904,  shortly after he settled in Paris, until 1911, Picasso had lived with  Fernande Olivier, who may have inspired the sunnier outlook reflected in  his rose period. From about 1911 until her death in 1917, he lived with  Marcelle Humbert. In 1918 Picasso married a young Russian ballerina,  Olga Koklova. The couple, who later separated and were divorced in 1935,  had one son, Paulo. Olga died in 1955. In 1961, at the age of 80, the  artist married his model, Jacqueline Roque.&lt;br /&gt;In the time between  these two marriages, Picasso shared his life with several women who  influenced his work and provided him with a family. His mistresses  included Marie-Thérèse Walter, whom he met in the early 1930s and who  was the mother of his daughter Maia, and Dora Maat, a Yugoslavian whom  he met in 1936. Françoise Gilot, who lived with Picasso between 1946 and  1953, was the mother of his youngest children—Claude, born in 1947, and  Paloma, born two years later. His association with Gilot inspired  Picasso to create a charming series of paintings that featured a  mythologically inspired world of fauns, nymphs, centaurs, and pipers.&lt;br /&gt;Picasso  remained in France throughout World War II, but he was forbidden to  exhibit his work after the German occupation. He joined the French  Communist party in 1944. In 1955 he moved to the French Riviera.&lt;br /&gt;Picasso  continued to work with incredible speed and versatility—as painter,  ceramist, sculptor, designer, and graphic artist—into his 90s. The value  of his estate was estimated at more than 500 million dollars when he  died on April 8, 1973, in Mougins, France.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K8hKrpWW3E4/TgRHVVBFQUI/AAAAAAAAAN0/KHQY-EY3xac/s1600/guernica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="177" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K8hKrpWW3E4/TgRHVVBFQUI/AAAAAAAAAN0/KHQY-EY3xac/s400/guernica.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The reaction in the late 19th century against naturalism in art led to a sequence of different movements in the 20th century."&gt;La reacción en el siglo 19 contra el naturalismo en el arte desarrollo una secuencia de movimientos diferentes en el siglo 20. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In each of these periods of innovation Pablo Picasso played an important part."&gt;En cada uno de estos períodos de innovación Pablo Picasso desempeñó un papel importante. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="He said that to repeat oneself is to go against “the constant flight forward of the spirit.” Primarily a painter, he also became a fine sculptor, engraver, and ceramist."&gt;Picasso decía&amp;nbsp;  que para respetarse a uno mismo hay que ir en contra de "la constante huida hacia  adelante del espíritu." Ante todo un pintor, también se convirtió en un  escultor, grabador y ceramista. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Pablo Ruiz y Picasso was born on Oct. 25, 1881, in Málaga, on the Mediterranean coast of Spain."&gt;Pablo Ruiz y Picasso nació el 25 de octubre de 1881, en Málaga, en la costa mediterránea de España. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="His father, an art teacher, early recognized his son's genius."&gt;Su padre, un profesor de arte, noto la genialidad de su hijo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Picasso studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Barcelona, where his father was appointed professor in 1896."&gt;Picasso estudió en la Academia de Bellas Artes de Barcelona, ​​donde su padre fue nombrado profesor en 1896. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Pablo had already mastered realistic technique, however, and had little use for school."&gt;Pablo dominaba la técnica realista, sin embargo, no fue valorado en la academia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="At 16 he had his own studio in Barcelona."&gt;A los 16 años tuvo su propio estudio en Barcelona. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1900 he first visited Paris, and in 1904 he settled there."&gt;En 1900 visitó por primera vez París, y en 1904 se estableció allí. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qJbpSLrpl1s/TgRHpfQDLNI/AAAAAAAAAN4/MneYMI7OCfI/s1600/Artistas%25281905%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qJbpSLrpl1s/TgRHpfQDLNI/AAAAAAAAAN4/MneYMI7OCfI/s200/Artistas%25281905%2529.jpeg" width="149" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1900 he first visited Paris, and in 1904 he settled there."&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Picasso's personal style began to form in the years from 1901 to 1904, a period often referred to as his blue period because of the pervasive blue tones he used in his paintings at that time."&gt;El estilo  personal de Picasso comenzó a formarse en los años 1901 a 1904, un  período al que se refiere a menudo como su periodo azul, debido a los  tonos de azul penetrante que utiliza en sus pinturas de la época. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1905, as he became more successful, Picasso altered his palette, and the blue tones gave way to a terra-cotta color, a shade of deep pinkish red."&gt;En  1905, ya que tuvo más éxito, Picasso cambió su paleta, y los tonos  azules dieron paso a un color terracota, un tono de rojo rosado  profundo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="At the same time his subject matter grew less melancholy and included dancers, acrobats, and harlequins."&gt;Al mismo tiempo, su tema creció bailarines menos triste e incluyó, acróbatas y arlequines. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The paintings he did during the years between 1905 and 1907 are said to belong to his rose period."&gt;Las pinturas que hizo entre los años 1905 y 1907 se dice que pertenecen a su periodo rosa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1907 Picasso struck off in an entirely different direction with Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."&gt;En 1907 Picasso sacudió en una dirección completamente diferente con Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="This painting shows the influence of his new fascination with primitive art and carvings, especially those of African origin."&gt;Esta  pintura muestra la influencia de su nueva fascinación con el arte  primitivo y las tallas, especialmente las de origen africano. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The picture represents a major turning point in art because it opened the door to cubism and the later abstract movement."&gt;La  imagen representa un importante punto de inflexión en el arte, ya que  abrió la puerta con el cubismo y el movimiento abstracto más tarde. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Working with his friend and fellow painter Georges Braque, Picasso began experimenting with increasingly analytical and geometric forms."&gt;Trabajar  con su amigo y también pintor Georges Braque, Picasso comenzó a  experimentar con formas cada vez más analítica y geométrica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="His painting The Three Musicians, which dates from 1921, is one of his major achievements using this technique (see painting)."&gt;Su pintura Los Músicos, que data de 1921, es uno de sus mayores logros con esta técnica. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1917 Picasso had gone to Rome to design costumes and scenery for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes."&gt;En 1917 Picasso había ido a Roma para diseñar vestuario y la escenografía para Russes Sergei Diaghilev. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="This work stimulated another departure in Picasso's work, and he began to paint the works now referred to as belonging to his classic period, which lasted from about 1918 until 1925."&gt;Este  trabajo estimuló otra salida en la obra de Picasso, y comenzó a pintar  las obras que ahora se conoce como pertenecientes a su periodo clásico,  que duró desde 1918 hasta 1925. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E6HUsFTvhfc/TgRH4D-YdHI/AAAAAAAAAN8/F_UZydi6PXE/s1600/Picasso_angel_fernandez_de_soto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E6HUsFTvhfc/TgRH4D-YdHI/AAAAAAAAAN8/F_UZydi6PXE/s200/Picasso_angel_fernandez_de_soto.jpg" width="159" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="This work stimulated another departure in Picasso's work, and he began to paint the works now referred to as belonging to his classic period, which lasted from about 1918 until 1925."&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="At the same time he was working on designs for the ballet, Picasso also continued to develop the cubist technique, making it less rigorous and austere."&gt;Al  mismo tiempo estaba trabajando en los diseños para el ballet, Picasso  también continuó desarrollando la técnica cubista, por lo que es menos  rigurosa y austera. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="By the time he painted Guernica, his moving vision of the Spanish Civil War, the straight lines of early cubism had given way to curved forms."&gt;En  el momento en que pintó "El Guernica", su visión conmovedora de la Guerra  Civil Española, las líneas rectas del cubismo temprano había dado paso a  formas curvas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="This huge painting, considered by many to be his masterpiece, was Picasso's response to the 1937 bombing by the Fascist forces of the small Basque town of Guernica."&gt;Este  enorme cuadro, considerado por muchos como su obra maestra, fue la  respuesta de Picasso a los bombardeos de 1937 por las fuerzas fascistas  de la pequeña ciudad vasca de Guernica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="He completed this emotional political statement in the same year."&gt;Completó esta declaración política emocional en el mismo año. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="In it, as in many of his later pictures, distortions of form approach surrealism, but Picasso never called himself a surrealist."&gt;En  ella, nunca como en muchas de sus fotos más tarde, las distorsiones del  surrealismo forma enfoque, pero Picasso se llamó a sí mismo surrealista. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="From about 1904, shortly after he settled in Paris, until 1911, Picasso had lived with Fernande Olivier, who may have inspired the sunnier outlook reflected in his rose period."&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="His association with Gilot inspired Picasso to create a charming series of paintings that featured a mythologically inspired world of fauns, nymphs, centaurs, and pipers."&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="Picasso remained in France throughout World War II, but he was forbidden to exhibit his work after the German occupation."&gt;Picasso  permaneció en Francia durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero se le  prohibió exponer su obra después de la ocupación alemana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="He joined the French Communist party in 1944."&gt;Se unió al Partido Comunista Francés en 1944. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1955 he moved to the French Riviera."&gt;En 1955 se trasladó a la Riviera francesa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Picasso continued to work with incredible speed and versatility—as painter, ceramist, sculptor, designer, and graphic artist—into his 90s."&gt;Picasso  continuó trabajando con increíble velocidad y versatilidad, como  ceramista, pintor, escultor, diseñador y artista gráfico, a sus 90 años.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The value of his estate was estimated at more than 500 million dollars when he died on April 8, 1973, in Mougins, France."&gt;El valor de su patrimonio se estimo en más de 500 millones de dólares cuando murió el 8 de abril de 1973, en Mougins, Francia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i9k1gr8x4RM/TgRIrkt58DI/AAAAAAAAAOA/ht8Qp7ic_Js/s1600/lapaloma-picasso.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i9k1gr8x4RM/TgRIrkt58DI/AAAAAAAAAOA/ht8Qp7ic_Js/s320/lapaloma-picasso.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1957705988042442377?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1957705988042442377/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/picasso-exhibits-his-paintings-for.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1957705988042442377'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1957705988042442377'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/picasso-exhibits-his-paintings-for.html' title='Picasso exhibits his paintings for the first time in Paris'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qcw76yoHlZ4/TgRG8-H5WgI/AAAAAAAAANs/6_eslzMIsdI/s72-c/piacasso.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-240229176237722496</id><published>2011-06-23T10:56:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-23T10:56:48.572+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 23'/><title type='text'>International Olympic Committee</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MMTg_CB5M8Q/TgL7cfPFXNI/AAAAAAAAANU/uUHuHf7DknM/s1600/Siege_cio.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://0.gvt0.com/vi/0pxJlEHXgSg/0.jpg"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/0pxJlEHXgSg&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266"  src="http://www.youtube.com/v/0pxJlEHXgSg&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The &lt;b&gt;International Olympic Committee&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;IOC&lt;/b&gt;) is an international corporation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president. Today its membership consists of the 205 National Olympic Committees.&lt;br /&gt;The IOC organizes the modern Olympic Games held in Summer and Winter, every four years. The first Summer Olympics organized by the International Olympic Committee were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896; the first Winter Olympics were in Chamonix, France, in 1924.  Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year.  After that year, however, the IOC shifted the Winter Olympics to the  even years between Summer Games, to help space the planning of the two  events two years apart from one another.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 22 June 1894, the Olympic games were re-created as an international  tournament by Pierre de Coubertin. The baron hoped to foster  international communication and peace through the Olympic Games. The IOC  is a parent organization intended to localize administration and  authority for the Games, as well as to provide a single legal entity  which owns copyrights, trademarks,  and other intangible properties associated with the Olympic games. For  example, the Olympic logos, the design of the Olympic flag, the motto,  creed, and anthem are all owned and administered by the IOC. There are  other organizations which the IOC coordinates as well, which are  collectively called the &lt;b&gt;Olympic Movement&lt;/b&gt;. The IOC President is  responsible for representing the IOC as a whole, and there are members  of the IOC which represent the IOC in their respective countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SSnCfX10kwU/TgL8K87gHCI/AAAAAAAAANY/XsNder3iV-0/s1600/olimpiadas-black-power.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SSnCfX10kwU/TgL8K87gHCI/AAAAAAAAANY/XsNder3iV-0/s320/olimpiadas-black-power.jpg" width="219" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;b&gt;Olympic Games&lt;/b&gt; are a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EB_0-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games#cite_note-EB-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Games are currently held every two years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games  alternating, although they occur every four years within their  respective seasonal games. Since 2008, host cities are contracted to  manage both the Olympic and the Paralympic Games,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parahist_1-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games#cite_note-Parahist-1"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; where athletes who have a physical disability compete. The Paralympics are held immediately following their respective Olympic Games. Originally, the ancient Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The IOC has since become the governing body of the Olympic Movement, whose structure and actions are defined by the Olympic Charter.&lt;br /&gt;The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st  centuries has resulted in several changes to the Olympic Games. Some of  these adjustments include the creation of the Winter Games for ice and  winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with a physical  disability, and the Youth Olympic Games  for teenage athletes. The IOC has had to adapt to the varying economic,  political, and technological realities of the 20th century. As a  result, the Olympics shifted away from pure amateurism, as envisioned by  Coubertin, to allow participation of professional athletes. The growing  importance of the mass media  created the issue of corporate sponsorship and commercialization of the  Games. World Wars led to the cancellation of the 1916, 1940, and 1944  Games. Large boycotts during the Cold War limited participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cqk-FjRROEA/TgL8oMLl-5I/AAAAAAAAANc/PhIGSRYCiGs/s1600/antorcha.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="212" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cqk-FjRROEA/TgL8oMLl-5I/AAAAAAAAANc/PhIGSRYCiGs/s320/antorcha.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs), National Olympic Committees  (NOCs), and organizing committees for each specific Olympic Games. As  the decision-making body, the IOC is responsible for choosing the host  city for each Olympic Games. The host city is responsible for organizing  and funding a celebration of the Games consistent with the Olympic  Charter. The Olympic program, consisting of the sports  to be contested at the Games, is also determined by the IOC. The  celebration of the Games encompasses many rituals and symbols, such as  the Olympic flag and torch, as well as the opening and closing ceremonies.  There are over 13,000 athletes that compete at the Summer and Winter  Olympics in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first,  second, and third place finishers in each event receive gold, silver,  and bronze medals, respectively.&lt;br /&gt;The Games have grown in scale to the point that nearly every nation  is represented. Such growth has created numerous challenges, including boycotts, doping, bribery of officials, and terrorism.  Every two years, the Olympics and its media exposure provide unknown  athletes with the chance to attain national, and in particular cases,  international fame. The Games also constitute a major opportunity for  the host city and country to showcase themselves to the world.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7e1Ojobvipo/TgL6vrKKkvI/AAAAAAAAANQ/0HAuU0vVXCs/s1600/olimpico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="192" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7e1Ojobvipo/TgL6vrKKkvI/AAAAAAAAANQ/0HAuU0vVXCs/s320/olimpico.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El &lt;b&gt;Comité Olímpico Internacional&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;COI&lt;/b&gt;) con sede en Lausana (Suiza), fue creado el 23 de junio de 1894 por el Barón Pierre de Coubertin en París con el fin de revivir los antiguos juegos olímpicos griegos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El COI coordina las actividades del Movimiento Olímpico.  Además está encargado de supervisar y administrar todo lo concerniente a  los Juegos Olímpicos. Es dueña de todos los derechos asociados a los  símbolos olímpicos, la bandera, himno, lema, juramento y los juegos.  Controla los derechos de transmisión de los juegos, la publicidad y  demás actividades de acuerdo a la Carta Olímpica. Además es el organismo  internacional encargado de organizar y seleccionar las ciudades que  serán sedes de los Juegos Olímpicos cada 4 años.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kuQIrRavGVM/TgL-7v5yBPI/AAAAAAAAANg/ov-ApZ4W_M8/s1600/mejores-imagenes-juegos-olimpicos-invierno-va-L-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kuQIrRavGVM/TgL-7v5yBPI/AAAAAAAAANg/ov-ApZ4W_M8/s1600/mejores-imagenes-juegos-olimpicos-invierno-va-L-1.jpeg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Los JJOO se inician con el encendido de la Llama Olímpica y en ese  momento es el inicio de la Olimpiada que terminará con el encendido de  la siguiente a los 4 años.&lt;br /&gt;El Protocolo Olímpico se refiere a todos los precedimientos que deben cumplirse antes, durante y después de los juegos olímpicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los &lt;b&gt;Juegos Olímpicos,&lt;/b&gt; u &lt;b&gt;Olimpíadas&lt;/b&gt; son eventos deportivos multidisciplinarios en los que participan atletas de diversas partes del mundo, en la antigua Grecia eran dedicados al dios Zeus. Existen dos tipos de Juegos Olímpicos: los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano y los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno,  que se realizan con un intervalo, entre ellos, de cuatro años. La  organización encargada de la realización de los mismos es el Comité Olímpico Internacional (por su abreviatura, COI).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-J5gwkqAV3dI/TgL_MAE6CeI/AAAAAAAAANk/h6RQRjBWtIU/s1600/vela.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="213" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-J5gwkqAV3dI/TgL_MAE6CeI/AAAAAAAAANk/h6RQRjBWtIU/s320/vela.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los Juegos Olímpicos actuales se inspiraron en los del siglo XVII organizados por los antiguos griegos en la ciudad de Olimpia, entre los años 776&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C. y el 393&amp;nbsp;d.&amp;nbsp;C. En el siglo XIX,  surgió la idea de realizar unos eventos similares a los organizados en  la Antigüedad, los que se concretarían mentalmente gracias a las  gestiones del noble francés Pierre Frèdy, Barón de Coubertin. La primera edición de los llamados Juegos Olímpicos de la Era Moderna se realizó en Atenas, capital de Grecia.  Desde aquella oportunidad, los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano han sido  realizados cada cuatro años en diversas partes del planeta, siendo las  únicas excepciones las ediciones de 1916, 1940 y 1944, debido al estallido de la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lpb804X54xM/TgL_nU8RJiI/AAAAAAAAANo/m2-hkJw5GfQ/s1600/llama-olampica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="217" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lpb804X54xM/TgL_nU8RJiI/AAAAAAAAANo/m2-hkJw5GfQ/s320/llama-olampica.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El símbolo olímpico consiste en cinco anillos que representan los cinco continentes del mundo: África, América, Asia, Europa y Oceanía. Están entrelazados para simbolizar la amistad deportiva de todos los pueblos.&lt;br /&gt;Los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno se realizaron por primera vez en 1924, en la localidad francesa de Chamonix. Originalmente realizados como parte del evento de verano,  el COI los consideró como un evento separado retroactivamente, y desde  esa fecha comenzaron a realizarse en el mismo año que los Juegos  originales. Posteriormente, con el fin de potenciar el desarrollo de los  eventos invernales, el COI decidió desfasar la realización de los  Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno a partir de Lillehammer 1994. Desde esa fecha, los Juegos Olímpicos Invernales se realizan en los años pares entre dos Juegos de Verano. En 2007, el COI decidió incorporar un nuevo tipo de evento: los Juegos Olímpicos Juveniles, que comenzarán a celebrarse a partir de 2010 y 2012 en sus ediciones de verano e invierno, respectivamente.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-240229176237722496?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/240229176237722496/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/international-olympic-committee.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/240229176237722496'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/240229176237722496'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/international-olympic-committee.html' title='International Olympic Committee'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SSnCfX10kwU/TgL8K87gHCI/AAAAAAAAANY/XsNder3iV-0/s72-c/olimpiadas-black-power.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1433743355046888715</id><published>2011-06-22T10:08:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-22T10:08:25.916+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 22'/><title type='text'>President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill</title><content type='html'>&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=25176561001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=25176561001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On this day in 1944 American President Franklin D. Roosevelt  signs the G.I. Bill, an unprecedented act of legislation designed to  compensate returning members of the armed services – known as G.I.s –  for their efforts in World War II.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As the last of its sweeping New Deal reforms, Roosevelt's  administration created the G.I. Bill – officially the Servicemen's  Readjustment Act of 1944 – hoping to avoid a relapse into a repeat of  the Great Depression  after the war ended. Roosevelt particularly wanted to prevent a repeat  of the Bonus March of 1932, when 20,000 unemployed veterans and their  families flocked in protest to Washington. The American Legion, a  veterans’ organisation, successfully fought for many of the provisions  included in the Bill, which gave returning servicemen access to  unemployment compensation, low-interest home and business loans, and,  most importantly, funding for education.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By giving veterans  money for tuition, living expenses, books, supplies and equipment, the  G.I. Bill effectively transformed higher education in America. Before  the war, college had been an option for only 10-15% of young Americans,  and university campuses had become known as a haven for the most  privileged classes. In contrast, by 1947, veterans made up half of the  nation's college enrolment; three years later, nearly 500,000 Americans  graduated from college, compared to 160,000 in 1939.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As  educational institutions opened their doors to this diverse new group of  students, overcrowded classrooms and residences prompted widespread  improvement and expansion of university facilities and teaching staffs.  An array of new vocational courses were developed across the country,  including advanced training in education, agriculture, commerce, mining  and fishing – skills that had previously been taught only informally.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The G.I. Bill became one of the major forces that drove an economic  expansion in America that lasted 30 years after World War II. Only 20  percent of the money set aside for unemployment compensation under the  bill was given out, as most veterans found jobs or pursued higher  education. Low interest home loans enabled millions of American families  to move out of urban centres and buy or build homes outside the city,  changing the face of the suburbs. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over 50 years, the impact of  the G.I. Bill was enormous, with 20 million veterans and dependants  using the education benefits and 14 million home loans guaranteed, for a  total federal investment of $67 billion. Among the millions of  Americans who have taken advantage of the Bill are former Presidents  George H.W. Bush and Gerald Ford, former Vice President Al Gore and entertainers Johnny Cash, Ed McMahon, Paul Newman and Clint Eastwood.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uVYSuasB5p8/TgGi0fLBqOI/AAAAAAAAANM/9lEdhRkyu-k/s1600/clip_image002_0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uVYSuasB5p8/TgGi0fLBqOI/AAAAAAAAANM/9lEdhRkyu-k/s1600/clip_image002_0002.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;G.I. Bill&lt;/b&gt; (oficialmente denominada "&lt;i&gt;Servicemen's Readjustment Act&lt;/i&gt;" en inglés) es una ley aprobada en junio de 1944 por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos, en beneficio de los soldados estadounidenses que combatían entonces en la Segunda Guerra Mundial,  con el fin de proporcionar a los soldados desmovilizados un mecanismo  legal que les permita acceder a financiamiento de estudios técnicos o  universitarios, junto con una pensión  que les permita subsistir por un año; esta norma también otorgaba a los  soldados facilidades en conseguir préstamos de dinero para adquirir  viviendas o iniciar un negocio por cuenta propia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El proyecto del G.I. Bill fue presentado por el republicano Harry W. Colmery, de la Cámara de Representantes, el 10 de enero de 1944, pasando al Senado de los Estados Unidos  al día siguiente. Ambas asambleas aprobaron versiones diferentes de la  ley, logrando concordancias en cuanto a las ayudas para educación y para  préstamos en la compra de casas, pero en discrepancia respecto al pago  de un subsidio de desempleo.&lt;br /&gt;Un cuestionamiento importante fue la entrega de un pago directo en  dinero a los veteranos de guerra, temiendo que este abono les  desalentaría de buscar un trabajo inmediato, otra discusión surgió sobre  la aptitud de los ex soldados (muchos de ellos provenientes de familias  obreras o campesinas) para seguir estudios de nivel superior. No  obstante estas críticas fueron superadas por presión de la opinión  pública y el presidente Roosevelt promulgó el G.I. Bill el 22 de junio de 1944.&lt;br /&gt;Los beneficios entregados a los ex combatientes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial  por el G.I. Bill en cuanto a acceso a la instrucción superior y a  vivienda fueron masivamente aprovechados por los veteranos, en tanto  tales facilidades resultaban útiles para reinsertarse en la vida civil;  al mismo tiempo se evitaba una masa de veteranos empobrecidos después de  ser licenciados de las fuerzas armadas.&lt;br /&gt;Una consecuencia del G.I. Bill fue permitir que veteranos sin dinero y  sin educación previa pudieran recibir instrucción técnica o  profesional, mejorando su nivel de vida, y que otros miles obtuvieran condiciones ventajosas de crédito  financiero para adquirir casas, creándose barrios residenciales  populares en la periferia de las grandes ciudades de EEUU, que antes de 1945 eran habitadas principalmente por las clases adineradas. Si bien una preocupación de la posterior administración de Harry S. Truman era el gasto que generaría otorgar pensiones anuales a los veteranos, la dinamización económica de posguerra  permitió que la mayoría de éstos pudiera prescindir de las pensiones  antes de un año de haber sido licenciados, reduciendo el gasto público  esperado.&lt;br /&gt;Otra consecuencia no prevista del G.I. Bill fue que al ser aprobada  por el gobierno federal de EEUU podría aplicarse a toda clase de  veteranos, sin distinción racial, impulsando que los veteranos de raza negra y de otras minorías accedieran a dichos beneficios y se establecieran progresivamente cada vez más en zonas urbanas, abandonando el medio rural.&lt;br /&gt;El éxito del G.I. Bill de la Segunda Guerra Mundial motivó que tras la Guerra de Corea se aprobase una ley similar en 1952 (también llamada &lt;i&gt;Servicemen's Readjustment Act&lt;/i&gt;), lo cual repitió con los veteranos de la Guerra de Vietnam en 1966 la ley denominada &lt;i&gt;Veterans Readjustment Benefits Act&lt;/i&gt; (modificada y mejorada en 1972) , con beneficios expandidos para los ex combatientes de ésta última. Modificaciones importantes fueron realizadas en 1984  para los numerosos veteranos de Vietnam que no habían logrado  readaptarse, y hubo nuevas enmiendas en el 2008 tras las invasiones de  EEUU en Irak y Afganistán.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1433743355046888715?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1433743355046888715/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/president-roosevelt-signs-gi-bill.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1433743355046888715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1433743355046888715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/president-roosevelt-signs-gi-bill.html' title='President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uVYSuasB5p8/TgGi0fLBqOI/AAAAAAAAANM/9lEdhRkyu-k/s72-c/clip_image002_0002.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-3251708644738485783</id><published>2011-06-21T09:28:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-21T09:28:22.574+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 21'/><title type='text'>Summer Solstice</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WQ4n_Vj8nMo/TgBGLL597OI/AAAAAAAAAM8/9k5VHhrbm20/s1600/Summer_Solstice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WQ4n_Vj8nMo/TgBGLL597OI/AAAAAAAAAM8/9k5VHhrbm20/s1600/Summer_Solstice.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The &lt;b&gt;summer solstice&lt;/b&gt; occurs exactly when the Earth's and the moon's axial tilt is most inclined towards the sun, at its maximum of 23° 26'. Though the summer solstice is an instant in time, the term is also colloquially used like &lt;i&gt;Midsummer&lt;/i&gt;  to refer to the day on which it occurs. Except in the polar regions  (where daylight is continuous for many months), the day on which the  summer solstice occurs is the day of the year with the longest period of  daylight. The summer solstice occurs in June in the Northern Hemisphere  north of the Tropic of Cancer (23°26'N) and in December in the Southern  Hemisphere south of the Tropic of Capricorn (23°26'S. The Sun reaches its highest position in the sky on the day of the summer solstice. However, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, the highest sun position does not occur at the summer solstice, since the sun reaches the zenith here and it does so at different times of the year depending on the latitude of the observer.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_solstice#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Depending on the shift of the calendar, the summer solstice occurs some  time between December 21 and December 22 each year in the Southern Hemisphere, and between June 20 and June 21 in the Northern Hemisphere.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9UuqhyO2Oqk/TgBHONT4ueI/AAAAAAAAANA/UYYjwvct6m4/s1600/Summer-solstice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9UuqhyO2Oqk/TgBHONT4ueI/AAAAAAAAANA/UYYjwvct6m4/s320/Summer-solstice.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Worldwide, interpretation of the event has varied among cultures, but  most have held a recognition of sign of the fertility, involving holidays, festivals, gatherings, rituals or other celebrations around that time.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_solstice#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br /&gt;The word &lt;i&gt;solstice&lt;/i&gt; derives from Latin &lt;i&gt;sol&lt;/i&gt; (sun) and &lt;i&gt;sistere&lt;/i&gt; (to stand still).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gtq1rlY8AMg/TgBHnbBjkKI/AAAAAAAAANE/AlNmVCQ2ni0/s1600/san-juan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gtq1rlY8AMg/TgBHnbBjkKI/AAAAAAAAANE/AlNmVCQ2ni0/s1600/san-juan.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los &lt;b&gt;solsticios&lt;/b&gt; son aquellos momentos del año en los que el Sol llega a su máxima posición meridional o boreal, es decir, una máxima declinación norte (+23º 27') y máxima declinación sur (-23º 27') con respecto al ecuador terrestre.&lt;br /&gt;En el solsticio de verano del hemisferio Norte el Sol alcanza el cenit al mediodía sobre el Trópico de Cáncer y en el solsticio de invierno alcanza el cenit al mediodía sobre el Trópico de Capricornio. Ocurre dos veces por año: el 20 ó 21 de junio y el 22 ó 23 de diciembre de cada año.&lt;br /&gt;A lo largo del año la posición del Sol vista desde la Tierra se mueve  hacia el Norte y el Sur. La existencia de los solsticios está provocada  por la inclinación del eje de la Tierra sobre el plano de su órbita.&lt;br /&gt;En los días de solsticio, la duración del día y la latitud del Sol al  mediodía son máximas (en el solsticio de verano) y mínimas (en el  solsticio de invierno) comparadas con cualquier otro día del año. En la  mayoría de las culturas antiguas se celebraban festivales conmemorativos  de los solsticios.&lt;br /&gt;Las fechas de los solsticios son idénticas al paso astronómico de la primavera al verano y del otoño al invierno en zonas templadas. Las fechas del &lt;b&gt;solsticio de invierno&lt;/b&gt; y del &lt;b&gt;solsticio de verano&lt;/b&gt; están cambiadas para ambos hemisferios.&lt;br /&gt;El &lt;b&gt;solsticio&lt;/b&gt; es un término astronómico relacionado con la posición del Sol en el ecuador celeste. El nombre proviene del latín &lt;i&gt;solstitium&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;sol sistere&lt;/i&gt; o sol quieto).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xIxvYgLJS1M/TgBH1b6A7aI/AAAAAAAAANI/OaO3o3vcXFY/s1600/Descalzo_fuego.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="244" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xIxvYgLJS1M/TgBH1b6A7aI/AAAAAAAAANI/OaO3o3vcXFY/s320/Descalzo_fuego.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En Europa, ante la llegada de los &lt;b&gt;solsticios&lt;/b&gt;, y desde tiempos prerromanos, se han realizado diversas celebraciones rituales encendiendo hogueras.&lt;br /&gt;El 21 de junio de 2009, se reunieron 36.000 personas en Stonehenge (monumento de la Edad de Bronce), al suroeste de Inglaterra, para presenciar el solsticio y los primeros rayos de sol del día más largo del año.&lt;br /&gt;En el &lt;b&gt;solsticio&lt;/b&gt; de junio (verano en el hemisferio norte), se pueden citar las famosas hogueras de la Festividad de San Juan,  que tienen lugar en España y otros países europeos, para celebrar el  solsticio de verano. Éstas provienen de festividades anteriores a la  natividad del cristianismo, aunque actualmente se celebren con ese  nombre.&lt;br /&gt;En Sudámerica, los pueblos originarios festejan el comienzo de su nuevo año, por ejemplo los pueblos andinos celebran el Inti Raymi.&lt;br /&gt;En el &lt;b&gt;solsticio&lt;/b&gt; de diciembre (invierno en el hemisferio norte), se celebraba el regreso del Sol, en especial en las culturas romana y celta: a partir de esta fecha, los días empezaban a alargarse, y esto se asociaba a un triunfo del Sol sobre las tinieblas, que se celebraba encendiendo fuegos. Posteriormente, la Iglesia Católica decidió situar en una fecha cercana, el 25 de diciembre, la Natividad de Jesucristo,  dándole el mismo carácter simbólico de renacer de la esperanza y la luz  en el mundo y tratando así de disipar al mismo tiempo la festividad pagana previa, denominada Sol Invictus.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-3251708644738485783?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/3251708644738485783/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/summer-solstice.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3251708644738485783'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3251708644738485783'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/summer-solstice.html' title='Summer Solstice'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WQ4n_Vj8nMo/TgBGLL597OI/AAAAAAAAAM8/9k5VHhrbm20/s72-c/Summer_Solstice.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-2389267667158961579</id><published>2011-06-20T11:41:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-20T11:41:05.964+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 20'/><title type='text'>Robert Rodríguez</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUWyzBP8mm8/Tf8TjkVLHUI/AAAAAAAAAMo/MYROkKw85gA/s1600/Rodriguez%252C_Robert_%25282007%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUWyzBP8mm8/Tf8TjkVLHUI/AAAAAAAAAMo/MYROkKw85gA/s320/Rodriguez%252C_Robert_%25282007%2529.jpg" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The man behind some of the most innovative, creative, and visually  inventive action films of the late '90s and early 2000s, director Robert  Rodriguez is the epitome of the do-it-yourself attitude and a  renaissance man of cinema. Directing, shooting, and editing nearly every  one of his films, Rodriguez's energetic and self-immersing approach to  filmmaking has resulted in some of the most stylish and exciting action  films in modern cinema. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Born June 20, 1968 into a large family that included ten siblings,  Rodriguez was never lacking in inspiration due to the antics of his  brothers and sisters and became fascinated with cartooning and  filmmaking at an early age. Prompted to jump behind the camera after  becoming enamored by John_Carpenter's Escape_From_New_York  at age 12, the fledgling director's brothers and sisters served as a  capable cast and crew, and with his father's Super-8 camera in hand,  Rodriguez took his first steps toward auteurhood. Shocked by the cost of  developing films, the junior director showed early signs of  budget-consciousness when he switched to video due to its versatility  and the room it gave him to experiment. Awarded a scholarship to the  University of Texas at Austin soon after his graduation from St.  Anthony's High School, Rodriguez inked a popular comic-strip entitled  -Los Hooligans (inspired by the antics of his siblings) and continued to  make films despite being rejected from the institution's film school  due to poor academic promise. Undaunted by the rejection, it was  Rodriguez who would have the last laugh as his 16 mm film Bedhead  won multiple awards and opened many doors. A humorous tale of a girl  who gains psychic powers after receiving a bump on the head, the film's  unique humor stood out among the usually morose film-festival entries  and charmed audiences and judges alike. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also recognized by Columbia University for his skills as a comic writer  and artist during this period, Rodriguez soon began setting his sights  on making a feature-length film. Once again intimidated by the high cost  of processing film, the resourceful director came up with one of the  most unique forms of financing ever conceived by a filmmaker desperate  for funding. Serving as a human guinea pig by subjecting himself to  experimental drug studies, Rodriguez secured the 7,000 dollars he needed  to get El_Mariachi off the ground. With his good friend Carlos_Gallardo  serving as the hapless lead and a ragtag crew working round-the-clock  in a Mexican border town, shooting was completed in 20 days for intended  distribution in the Spanish video market. Bought by Columbia Pictures  for distribution in the United States, El_Mariachi  was hailed for not only its unique style and energy, but also for the  remarkably resourceful circumstances surrounding its creation as well.  Brought in at the last minute to direct the made-for-cable feature Roadracers (1994) soon after, and helming "The Misbehavors," arguably the most entertaining segment in the ill-received Four_Rooms  the following year, it wasn't long before Hollywood was calling for a  sequel to Rodriguez's maiden effort. As much a remake as a sequel,  though this time with the noted lead of Antonio_Banderas (whom Rodriguez had worked with on "The Misbehavors"), Desperado  displayed further indication of its director's resourcefulness but  failed to capture the core energy of the original. Re-teaming with his Four_Rooms cohort Quentin_Tarantino for the super-kinetic, schizophrenic crime/horror extravaganza From_Dusk_Till_Dawn,  the director continued to find his groove in the land of bloated  budgets, and despite its dark humor and giddy energy, the film was  criticized by many for not sticking to the conventions of a single  genre. His follow-up, the subversive sci-fi teen romp The_Faculty, was equally compelling, though lost in a sea of post-Scream (1996) self-conscious thrillers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C7-wkOm437w/Tf8T9_P9NuI/AAAAAAAAAMs/6kxqjg2kfHs/s1600/sincity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-C7-wkOm437w/Tf8T9_P9NuI/AAAAAAAAAMs/6kxqjg2kfHs/s320/sincity.jpg" width="205" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In subsequent years, Rodriguez would remain only slightly involved with the two straight-to-video From_Dusk_Till_Dawn  sequels, and many may have found it ironic that the director would  receive his most substantial critical success yet with what was  essentially a children's film. A massive box-office hit that offered a  family friendly adventure yarn served with a distinctively stylish and  surreal twist, Spy_Kids  (2001) retained all the elements that had endeared Rodriguez to fans  and critics, sans the graphic violence and adult elements that rendered  his previous works unsuitable for the small fry. Alarmed by the fact  that numerous kids had approached him and expressed their love of his  very adult-oriented previous features, Rodriguez set out to craft an  energetic adventure that called back to his more lighthearted early  efforts. With its deliciously twisted Willy Wonka-inspired villain,  bizarre set-pieces, high-tech gadgetry, and positive messages pertaining  to the worth of a healthy self-image and the importance of family,  Rodriguez won over a whole new generation of fans while simultaneously  retaining his already solid and fiercely loyal fan base. Again turning  out a stylish and flashy finished product on a remarkably tight budget  (Rodriguez edited much of the film in his garage), the established  director proved that his talent spanned numerous genres and his appeal  was far reaching. Soon beginning work on a sequel to Spy_Kids,  Rodriguez also kept busy by beginning production on his longtime dream  project, the epic final installment to his Mariachi trology, Once Upon a  Time in Mexico. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the wake of a visit with filmmaker and digital cinema advocate George  Lucas, Rodriguez was soon convinced that the future of film lay not in  celluliod but in digital video - and from Spy Kids 2 on the  progressive-minded filmmaker would eschew tradition to shoot all of his  future films on the versitile emerging format. Indeed Rodriguez's  subsequent digital films were as visually vibrant and aesthetically  pleasing as ever, with Spy Kids 3 using the process to particularly  pleasing effect in creating a fantasy world in which young protagonist  Juni (Daryl Sabara) must journey into a living videogame to rescue his  sister from a sinister foe known as The Toymaker (Sylvester Stallone in a  particularly hammy performance). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmEo3BTWUoQ/Tf8UvoGAeKI/AAAAAAAAAMw/arJrmTCfP98/s1600/sk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmEo3BTWUoQ/Tf8UvoGAeKI/AAAAAAAAAMw/arJrmTCfP98/s320/sk.jpg" width="216" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If Once Upon a Time in Mexo - Rodriguez's epic conclusion to the El_Mariachi  trilogy - failed to reach the delirious hights promised by it's  undeniably ambitious title in the eyes of some fans, the arrival of the  visually striking and masterfully constructed &lt;span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxthookspan" id="itxthook0w0" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: black; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"&gt;Sin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxthookspan" id="itxthook0w1" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: black; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="itxtrst itxtrstspan itxthookspan" id="itxthook0w2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent; color: black; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"&gt;City&lt;/span&gt;  in early 2005 proved without a doubt that Rodriguez was indeed still  one of the most daring mainstream filmmakers in contemporary cinema.  Despite the fact that -Sin City author Frank Miller had made no secret  of the fact that he had no desire to ever let the legacy of his  notorious noir comic blighted by a sub-par film adaptation, Rodriguez  secretly shot a scene showcasing his remarkably faithful vision for the  film and offered it to Miller as a proposal for a feature length version  of Sin City. Immediately recognizing the sincerity and respect with  which Rodriguez had handled the source material--going so far as to use  the panels of the graphic novel for storyboards--Miller agreed to let  the director bring -Sin City to life on the big screen and in turn,  Rodriguez resigned from the Director's Guild of America so that he could  make Miller the official co-director of the film. When Sin City finally  arrived in theaters in April of 2005, few fans of the comic could have  realized what a faithful adaptation the film would be, and though it did  draw some criticism for its stratospheric level of violence, longtime  fans of Miller's comic took to the film in droves and praised it for its  unapologetic adherence to his dark vision.      &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rodriguez finished off 2005 with another family adventure in the style of Spy_Kids  -- although far less successful -- called The Adventures of Shark Boy  and Lava Girl. He then spent 2006 teaming up with friend and colleague  Quentin Tarantino to work on the over-the-top double-feature project  Grindhouse. The film set out to follow in the tradition of the genre it  was named after -- bang for your buck drive-in/Times Square  exploitationers -- and the final product would include a movie by each  director, as grindhouse theaters were known for screening double or  triple features. While the grindhouse movies of the '70s made up for the  lack of starpower afforded by their shoestring budgets with intense  violence, wild action sequences, and shocking premises, Rodruigez and  Tarantino reveled in the chance to make a movie just as outlandish and  campy, but with big budgets and major stars as well. Released with a  maximum of fanfare by the Weinstein Company on Easter weekend, 2007, the  film became one of the surprise flops of the spring, despite strong  reviews from critics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PFmOR9gONAk/Tf8VCorFEDI/AAAAAAAAAM0/b-OXzmKhmL8/s1600/936full-robert-rodriguez.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PFmOR9gONAk/Tf8VCorFEDI/AAAAAAAAAM0/b-OXzmKhmL8/s200/936full-robert-rodriguez.jpg" width="160" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Robert Anthony Rodríguez&lt;/b&gt; (20 de junio de 1968) es un director de cine estadounidense. También es guionista, músico y productor. Es conocido por realizar rentables producciones, tanto independientes como de estudio, con bajos presupuestos y rodajes sin demoras. Principalmente rueda y produce sus películas en los estudios Troublemaker, de los que es dueño, en Austin, Texas.&lt;br /&gt;Su carrera en Hollywood comenzó gracias a su primera película, titulada &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt;, que dirigió a los 24 años de edad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nació en 1968 en San Antonio (Texas), en el seno de una familia de inmigrantes mexicanos. Es el tercero de los ocho hijos de la familia. Después de acabar el instituto estudió en la Universidad de Texas.&lt;br /&gt;Rodríguez escribió el guión de su primer largometraje mientras  permanecía internado en las instalaciones de unos laboratorios de  investigación como paciente de un experimento clínico remunerado. Este  dinero sirvió para pagar el rodaje de su película. Planeó recuperar el  dinero vendiendo la película en el mercado del vídeo doméstico mexicano.&lt;br /&gt;La película era &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt; (1993), que Rodríguez escribió, dirigió, fotografió, montó y grabó el sonido con un presupuesto de 7.000 dólares.  Mientras que seguía investigando la forma de vender la película en el  mercado del vídeo, Rodriguez fichó con un influyente agente de ICM. Fue entonces cuando Columbia Pictures compró los derechos y firmó un contrato de dirección de dos años con Rodríguez. &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt; terminó ganando el ansiado Premio del Público a la Mejor Película Dramática del Festival de Cine de Sundance, y también fue galardonada en los festivales de Berlín, Múnich, Edimburgo, Deauville y Yubari (Japón). &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt; se convirtió en la película de menor presupuesto estrenada por un gran estudio y en la primera cinta americana estrenada en español. Rodríguez escribió sobre estas experiencias en Rebel Without a Crew (traducido en España como "Rebelde Sin Pasta").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9Pu1Rasx7tg/Tf8VcKOLiDI/AAAAAAAAAM4/YirDfGuVDhw/s1600/machete-robert-rodriguez-poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9Pu1Rasx7tg/Tf8VcKOLiDI/AAAAAAAAAM4/YirDfGuVDhw/s320/machete-robert-rodriguez-poster.jpg" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Más tarde, Rodríguez escribió, produjo, dirigió y montó &lt;i&gt;Desperado&lt;/i&gt; (1995), una secuela de &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt;, para Columbia Pictures. Esta película dio a conocer a Salma Hayek al público norteamericano, así como a Antonio Banderas en un papel protagonista. Rodríguez también escribió, dirigió y montó &lt;i&gt;The Misbehavers&lt;/i&gt; (1995), que también protagonizó Antonio Banderas y que constituye una de las cuatro partes de &lt;i&gt;Four Rooms&lt;/i&gt;, de Miramax Films. Más tarde, formó equipo con Quentin Tarantino en la atrevida &lt;i&gt;Abierto hasta el Amanecer&lt;/i&gt;, de Dimension Films.  Rodríguez dirigió un reparto que incluía al propio Tarantino, que se  encargó de escribir el guión. El siguiente proyecto como realizador de  Rodríguez fue &lt;i&gt;The Faculty&lt;/i&gt; (1998), de Dimension Films, protagonizada por Josh Hartnett, Elijah Wood y Jordana Brewster.&lt;br /&gt;En 2001, Robert Rodríguez pudo hacer realidad uno de los sueños de su vida y creó una película de aventuras para toda la familia. &lt;i&gt;Spy Kids&lt;/i&gt;  fue aclamada por la crítica y obtuvo un enorme éxito de taquilla, con  unos ingresos que superaron los 100 millones de dólares sólo en Estados Unidos. Después le siguió &lt;i&gt;Spy Kids 2&lt;/i&gt;, que se hizo valedora de excelentes críticas y &lt;i&gt;Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over'&lt;/i&gt;, que se estrenó en Estados Unidos el 25 de julio de 2003.&lt;br /&gt;La tercera entrega de la trilogía &lt;i&gt;El Mariachi&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Érase una vez en México&lt;/i&gt; rodada, montada y producida por él mismo, que se estrenó en Estados Unidos el 12 de septiembre de 2003. Además, participó como guionista.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-2389267667158961579?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/2389267667158961579/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/robert-rodriguez.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2389267667158961579'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2389267667158961579'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/robert-rodriguez.html' title='Robert Rodríguez'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUWyzBP8mm8/Tf8TjkVLHUI/AAAAAAAAAMo/MYROkKw85gA/s72-c/Rodriguez%252C_Robert_%25282007%2529.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-5965462006314695016</id><published>2011-06-19T07:27:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-19T07:28:58.305+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 19'/><title type='text'>Blaise Pascal</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDHmHdWn-wQ/Tf2IVEq0zTI/AAAAAAAAAMg/ubSR32Y2Kgw/s1600/Blaise_Pascal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDHmHdWn-wQ/Tf2IVEq0zTI/AAAAAAAAAMg/ubSR32Y2Kgw/s200/Blaise_Pascal.jpg" width="163" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Blaise Pascal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (June 19, 1623 – August 19, 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a Tax Collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.&lt;br /&gt;In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on  calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; he invented the mechanical calculator.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He built twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline) in the following ten years.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Pascal was a mathematician of the first order. He helped create two  major new areas of research. He wrote a significant treatise on the  subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. His results caused many disputes before being accepted.&lt;br /&gt;In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the &lt;i&gt;Lettres provinciales&lt;/i&gt; and the &lt;i&gt;Pensées&lt;/i&gt;, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits. In this year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.&lt;br /&gt;Pascal had poor health especially after his eighteenth year and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hjW1u2ib6-E/Tf2IlziiIuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/o-sYmY60kEg/s1600/Blaise_pascal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hjW1u2ib6-E/Tf2IlziiIuI/AAAAAAAAAMk/o-sYmY60kEg/s200/Blaise_pascal.jpg" width="191" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Blaise Pascal&lt;/b&gt; (Clermont-Ferrand, Auvernia, Francia, 19 de junio de 1623 - París, 19 de agosto de 1662) fue un matemático, físico, filósofo y teólogo francés, considerado el padre de las computadoras junto con Charles Babbage. Fue un niño prodigio, educado por su padre, un juez local.&lt;br /&gt;Sus primeros trabajos abarcan las ciencias naturales y aplicadas, donde realizó importantes contribuciones para la invención y construcción de calculadoras mecánicas, estudios de la teoría matemática de probabilidad, investigaciones sobre los fluidos y la aclaración de conceptos tales como la presión y el vacío, generalizando la obra de Evangelista Torricelli. También escribió en defensa del método científico.&lt;br /&gt;Pascal fue un matemático de primer orden. Ayudó a crear dos grandes áreas de investigación, escribió importantes tratados sobre geometría proyectiva a los dieciséis años, y más tarde cruzó correspondencia con Pierre de Fermat sobre teoría de la probabilidad, influenciando fuertemente el desarrollo de las modernas ciencias económicas y sociales. Siguiendo con el trabajo de Galileo y de Torricelli, en 1646 refutó las teorías aristotélicas  que insistían en que la naturaleza aborrece el vacío, y sus resultados  causaron grandes discusiones antes de ser generalmente aceptados.&lt;br /&gt;En 1646 su familia se convirtió al jansenismo, y su padre murió en 1651. Sin embargo, tras una profunda experiencia religiosa en el año 1654, Pascal sufrió una "segunda conversión". Abandonó las matemáticas y la física para dedicarse a la filosofía y a la teología, publicando en este periodo sus dos obras más conocidas: Las &lt;i&gt;Lettres provinciales&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Cartas provinciales&lt;/i&gt;) y &lt;i&gt;Pensées&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Pensamientos&lt;/i&gt;). Ese año también escribió un importante tratado sobre el triángulo aritmético. Entre 1658 y 1659 escribió sobre la cicloide y su uso en el cálculo del volumen de los sólidos.&lt;br /&gt;Pascal tuvo una salud muy endeble a lo largo de toda su vida, y su muerte acaeció dos meses después de haber cumplido 39 años.&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-5965462006314695016?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/5965462006314695016/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/blaise-pascal.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5965462006314695016'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5965462006314695016'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/blaise-pascal.html' title='Blaise Pascal'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NDHmHdWn-wQ/Tf2IVEq0zTI/AAAAAAAAAMg/ubSR32Y2Kgw/s72-c/Blaise_Pascal.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-6523239933130891673</id><published>2011-06-18T16:11:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-18T16:11:15.947+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 18'/><title type='text'>Paul McCartney</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m7AytxACB-Y/TfyvtidY5QI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/rIHiWnGjZuc/s1600/url.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m7AytxACB-Y/TfyvtidY5QI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/rIHiWnGjZuc/s320/url.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sir James Paul McCartney&lt;/b&gt;, MBE (born 18 June 1942) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and composer. Formerly of The Beatles (1960–1970) and Wings (1971–1981), McCartney is the most commercially successful songwriter in the history of popular music, according to &lt;i&gt;Guinness World Records&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;McCartney gained worldwide fame as a member of The Beatles, alongside John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr. McCartney and Lennon formed one of the most influential and successful songwriting partnerships and wrote some of the most popular songs in the history of rock music.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; After leaving The Beatles, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda Eastman, and singer-songwriter Denny Laine. McCartney is listed in &lt;i&gt;Guinness World Records&lt;/i&gt; as the "most successful musician and composer in popular music history", with 60 gold discs and sales of 100 million singles in the UK.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuinness2009_2-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuinness2009-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tCpMAGT09jM/TfywcACMV1I/AAAAAAAAAMU/AFV1dG2Pwds/s1600/paul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="182" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tCpMAGT09jM/TfywcACMV1I/AAAAAAAAAMU/AFV1dG2Pwds/s200/paul.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;BBC News Online readers named McCartney the "greatest composer of the millennium", and BBC News cites his Beatles song "Yesterday" as the most covered song in the history of recorded music—by over 2,200 artists&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCYesterday_3-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-BBCYesterday-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;—and since its 1965 release, has been played more than 7,000,000 times on American television and radio according to the BBC.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBCYesterday2_4-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-BBCYesterday2-4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Wings' 1977 single "Mull of Kintyre" became the first single to sell more than two million copies in the UK, and remains the UK's top selling non-charity single.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Based on the 93 weeks his compositions have spent at the top spot of  the UK chart, and 24 number one singles to his credit, McCartney is the  most successful songwriter in UK singles chart history.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; As a performer or songwriter, McCartney was responsible for 32 number one singles on the US &lt;i&gt;Billboard&lt;/i&gt; Hot 100 chart,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amgbbb_7-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-amgbbb-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amgbbm_8-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-amgbbm-8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amgbbpg_9-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-amgbbpg-9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amgbbej_10-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-amgbbej-10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and has sold 15.5&amp;nbsp;million RIAA certified albums in the US alone.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;McCartney has composed film scores, classical and electronic music,  released a large catalogue of songs as a solo artist, and has taken part  in projects to help international charities. He is an advocate for animal rights, for vegetarianism, and for music education; he is active in campaigns against landmines, seal hunting, and Third World debt. He is a keen football fan, supporting both Everton and Liverpool football clubs. His company MPL Communications owns the copyrights to more than 3,000 songs,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; including all of the songs written by Buddy Holly, along with the publishing rights to such musicals as &lt;i&gt;Guys and Dolls&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;A Chorus Line&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;Grease&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cf3A61p7Y-g/TfyunxFI8LI/AAAAAAAAAMM/buuWn8PR0gQ/s1600/Paul_McCartney_black_and_white_2010.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cf3A61p7Y-g/TfyunxFI8LI/AAAAAAAAAMM/buuWn8PR0gQ/s320/Paul_McCartney_black_and_white_2010.jpg" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Sir &lt;b&gt;James Paul McCartney&lt;/b&gt;, MBE (Liverpool, Inglaterra, 18 de junio de 1942) es un músico multi instrumentista, empresario, cantante, compositor, productor musical y activista pro-derechos de los animales.&lt;br /&gt;Obtuvo un reconocimiento mundial como miembro del grupo británico The Beatles, junto a George Harrison, John Lennon y Ringo Starr. Junto a su amigo John Lennon  formó una de las parejas de compositores más influyentes de la música  contemporánea, escribiendo conjuntamente un extenso catálogo de temas  mundialmente conocidos. Tras abandonar el grupo, McCartney empezó una  exitosa carrera en solitario y formó el grupo Wings con su mujer, Linda McCartney y el músico Denny Laine.&lt;br /&gt;McCartney ha trabajado también como compositor de música electrónica, clásica,  temas para películas y también programas de televisión. Ha lanzado,  además, un gran catálogo de exitosas canciones como artista en  solitario, y ha formado parte de muchos proyectos musicales para  organizaciones benéficas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mw31OxfRl7I/TfyxgriHaXI/AAAAAAAAAMc/AemaGqLReA8/s1600/swgrbqwggbwggb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;McCartney figura en el &lt;i&gt;Libro Guinness de récords mundiales&lt;/i&gt;  como el músico y compositor de mayor éxito comercial de la música  contemporánea, con sesenta discos de oro y ventas en torno a los 100  millones de copias. Su canción "Yesterday"(Lennon/McCartney) es el tema más versionado en la historia, con cerca de 3.700 versiones, y ha sido radiodifundido más de 7 millones de veces en las televisiones y radios americanas. El sencillo de Wings "Mull of Kintyre" supuso el primer sencillo en vender más de dos millones de copias en el Reino Unido, y sigue siendo el sencillo de carácter no benéfico con más ventas.&lt;br /&gt;La compañía de McCartney, MPL Communications, es la propietaria de los derechos de autor de más de tres mil canciones, incluyendo el catálogo musical de Buddy Holly. Además de música, McCartney también ha desarrollado una carrera pictórica y una fuerte tarea como activista a favor de los derechos de los animales, del vegetarianismo y de la condonación de la deuda al Tercer Mundo, en contra las minas antipersona y de la caza de focas, y es impulsor de numerosas iniciativas benéficas en favor de la educación musical como el instituto LIPA.&lt;br /&gt;Fue nombrado, junto a los otros Beatles, Miembro del Imperio Británico el 16 de octubre de 1965 por Elizabeth II y Caballero (Sir) el 11 de marzo de 1997. En su escudo de armas, esta representado su profesión musical y sus compañeros Beatles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K8wJczaF5P8/TfyxLRx83bI/AAAAAAAAAMY/y-IzZNkf-YY/s1600/autografo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="192" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-K8wJczaF5P8/TfyxLRx83bI/AAAAAAAAAMY/y-IzZNkf-YY/s320/autografo.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney#cite_note-13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-6523239933130891673?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/6523239933130891673/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/paul-mccartney.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6523239933130891673'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6523239933130891673'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/paul-mccartney.html' title='Paul McCartney'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m7AytxACB-Y/TfyvtidY5QI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/rIHiWnGjZuc/s72-c/url.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-2678874303597430408</id><published>2011-06-17T09:40:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-17T09:40:56.497+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 17'/><title type='text'>The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York City harbour</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4UZVupWjAkA/TfsEMqn0CoI/AAAAAAAAAME/j-ieH319liA/s1600/estatua.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4UZVupWjAkA/TfsEMqn0CoI/AAAAAAAAAME/j-ieH319liA/s320/estatua.jpg" width="196" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;On this day in 1885 the Statue of Liberty,  a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the  United States, arrives in New York City's harbour on board the French  frigate Isere.&amp;nbsp; Officially known as "Liberty Enlightening the World,"  the statue was proposed by French historian Edouard Laboulaye to  commemorate the Franco-American alliance during the American Revolution and also to celebrate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence.  Designed by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the 151-foot  statue was the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In February 1877, Congress approved the use of a site on New York  Bedloe's Island (later renamed Liberty Island), which was suggested by  Bartholdi. In May 1884, the statue was completed in France, and three  months later the Americans laid the cornerstone for its pedestal in New  York. On 19 June 1885, the dismantled Statue of Liberty arrived in the  New World, enclosed in more than 200 packing cases. Its copper sheets  were reassembled, and the last rivet of the monument was fitted on 28  October 1886, during a dedication presided over by US President Grover  Cleveland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the interior of the pedestal was inscribed "The  New Colossus," a famous sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus that  welcomed immigrants to the United States with the declaration:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Give me your tired, your poor&lt;br /&gt;Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free&lt;br /&gt;The wretched refuse of your teeming shore&lt;br /&gt;Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.&lt;br /&gt;I lift my lamp beside the golden door!&lt;/em&gt;"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1892, Ellis Island, adjacent to Bedloe's Island, opened as the chief  entry station for immigrants to the United States, and for the next 62  years more than 12 million immigrants were welcomed into New York  harbour by the sight of "Lady Liberty." In 1924, the Statue of Liberty  was made a National Monument.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-34R_lIBPcAo/TfsE7AfXKmI/AAAAAAAAAMI/Ma-D3ybqfmg/s1600/liberty_island.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="188" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-34R_lIBPcAo/TfsE7AfXKmI/AAAAAAAAAMI/Ma-D3ybqfmg/s320/liberty_island.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On this day in 1885 the Statue of Liberty, a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States, arrives in New York City's harbour on board the French frigate Isere."&gt;En  este día de 1885, la Estatua de la Libertad, regalo de amistad del  pueblo de Francia al pueblo de los Estados Unidos, llegó al puerto de  Nueva York a bordo de la fragata francesa Isère. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Officially known as &amp;quot;Liberty Enlightening the World,&amp;quot; the statue was proposed by French historian Edouard Laboulaye to commemorate the Franco-American alliance during the American Revolution and also to celebrate the centennial of the American Declaration of Independence."&gt;Oficialmente  conocida como "La libertad iluminando al mundo", la estatua fue  propuesta por el francés Edouard Laboulaye historiador para conmemorar  la alianza franco-americana durante la Revolución Americana y también  para celebrar el centenario de la Declaración de Independencia  americana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Designed by French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the 151-foot statue was the form of a woman with an uplifted arm holding a torch."&gt;Diseñado  por el escultor francés Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, la estatua de 151  pies es la forma de una mujer con un brazo en alto sosteniendo una  antorcha. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In February 1877, Congress approved the use of a site on New York Bedloe's Island (later renamed Liberty Island), which was suggested by Bartholdi."&gt;En  febrero de 1877, el Congreso aprobó su colocación en la isla de  Nueva York Bedloe (más tarde llamado Isla de la Libertad),  sugerida por Bartholdi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In May 1884, the statue was completed in France, and three months later the Americans laid the cornerstone for its pedestal in New York."&gt;En  mayo de 1884, la estatua fue terminada en Francia, y tres meses más  tarde, los estadounidenses pusieron la primera piedra de su pedestal en  Nueva York. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 19 June 1885, the dismantled Statue of Liberty arrived in the New World, enclosed in more than 200 packing cases."&gt;El  19 de junio de 1885, la Estatua de la Libertad llegó desmantelado al  Nuevo Mundo, en más de 200 cajas de embalaje. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Its copper sheets were reassembled, and the last rivet of the monument was fitted on 28 October 1886, during a dedication presided over by US President Grover Cleveland."&gt;Sus  láminas de cobre fueron montada, y el último remache del monumento fue  instalado el 28 de octubre de 1886, durante una acto presidido  por el presidente Grover Cleveland. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On the interior of the pedestal was inscribed &amp;quot;The New Colossus,&amp;quot; a famous sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus that welcomed immigrants to the United States with the declaration:"&gt;En  el interior del pedestal fue inscrito "El Nuevo Coloso", un famoso  soneto de Emma Lazarus poeta estadounidense que dio la bienvenida a los  inmigrantes a los Estados Unidos con la declaración: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="&amp;quot;Give me your tired, your poor"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; "Dame tus cansadas, tus pobres,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;tus hacinadas multitudes anhelantes de respirar en libertad,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;el desdichado desecho de tu rebosante playa,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;envía a estos, los desamparados que botó la ola, a mí&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: arial;"&gt;¡Yo alzo mi lámpara detrás de la puerta dorada!"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="&amp;quot;Give me your tired, your poor"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="I lift my lamp beside the golden door!&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1892, Ellis Island, adjacent to Bedloe's Island, opened as the chief entry station for immigrants to the United States, and for the next 62 years more than 12 million immigrants were welcomed into New York harbour by the sight of &amp;quot;Lady Liberty.&amp;quot;"&gt;En  1892, Ellis Island, junto a la isla de Bedloe, abrió sus puertas como  la estación de entrada principal para los inmigrantes a los Estados  Unidos, y en los siguientes 62 años más de 12 millones de inmigrantes  fueron recibidos en el puerto de Nueva York por la visión de "Lady  Liberty". &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In 1924, the Statue of Liberty was made a National Monument."&gt;En 1924, la Estatua de la Libertad fue declarada monumento nacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-2678874303597430408?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/2678874303597430408/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/statue-of-liberty-arrives-in-new-york.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2678874303597430408'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2678874303597430408'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/statue-of-liberty-arrives-in-new-york.html' title='The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York City harbour'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4UZVupWjAkA/TfsEMqn0CoI/AAAAAAAAAME/j-ieH319liA/s72-c/estatua.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-8544040341779761916</id><published>2011-06-16T09:16:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-16T09:16:11.347+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 16'/><title type='text'>Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T6-_yIK0EEM/TfmrVrwdEeI/AAAAAAAAALw/sQ9mgy__EKs/s1600/valentina+tereshkova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T6-_yIK0EEM/TfmrVrwdEeI/AAAAAAAAALw/sQ9mgy__EKs/s200/valentina+tereshkova.jpg" width="149" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova&lt;/b&gt; (Russian: &lt;span lang="ru"&gt;Валенти́на Влади́мировна Терешко́ва&lt;/span&gt;; Belarusian: &lt;span lang="be"&gt;Валянціна Уладзіміраўна Церашко́ва&lt;/span&gt;) (born March 6, 1937) is a retired Soviet cosmonaut,  and was the first woman in space. She was selected out of more than  four hundred applicants, and then out of five finalists, to pilot Vostok 6 on the 16 June, 1963, becoming both the first woman and the first civilian to fly in space,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Valentina_Vladimirovna_TERESHKOVA_0-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova#cite_note-Valentina_Vladimirovna_TERESHKOVA-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; as she was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force  as a condition on joining the Cosmonaut Corps. During her three-day  mission, she performed various tests on herself to collect data on the  female body's reaction to spaceflight.&lt;br /&gt;Before being recruited as a cosmonaut, Tereshkova was a textile-factory assembly worker and an amateur parachutist. After the dissolution of the first group of female cosmonauts in 1969, she became a prominent member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, holding various political offices. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, she retired from politics, but remains revered as a hero in post-Soviet Russia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the flight of Yuri Gagarin in 1961, Sergey Korolyov,  the chief Soviet rocket engineer, came up with the idea of putting a  woman in space. On February 16, 1962, Valentina Tereshkova was selected  to join the female cosmonaut corps. Out of more than four hundred  applicants, five were selected: Tatyana Kuznetsova, Irina Solovyova, Zhanna Yorkina, Valentina Ponomaryova,  and Tereshkova. Qualifications included that they be parachutists under  30 years of age, under 170&amp;nbsp;cm (5 feet 7&amp;nbsp;inches) tall, and under 70&amp;nbsp;kg  (154&amp;nbsp;lbs.) in weight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hcWG51Z7s-A/Tfmrx4kCEWI/AAAAAAAAAL0/15jqNNnxJUA/s1600/Soviet_Union-1963-Stamp-0.10._Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hcWG51Z7s-A/Tfmrx4kCEWI/AAAAAAAAAL0/15jqNNnxJUA/s320/Soviet_Union-1963-Stamp-0.10._Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg" width="205" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Tereshkova was considered a particularly worthy candidate, partly due to her "proletarian" background, and because her father, tank leader sergeant Vladimir Tereshkov, was a war hero. He lost his life in the Finnish Winter War during World War II in the Lemetti area in Finnish Karelia.  Tereshkova was two years old at the time of her father's death. After  her mission she was asked how the Soviet Union should thank her for her  service to the country. Tereshkova asked that the government search for,  and publish, the location where her father was killed in action. This  was done, and a monument now stands at the site in Lemetti—now on the  Russian side of the border. Tereshkova has since visited Finland several  times.&lt;br /&gt;Training included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge  tests, rocket theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute jumps and  pilot training in MiG-15UTI  jet fighters. The group spent several months in intensive training,  concluding with examinations in November 1962, after which four  remaining candidates were commissioned Junior Lieutenants in the Soviet  Air Force. Tereshkova, Solovyova and Ponomaryova were the leading  candidates, and a joint mission profile was developed that would see two  women launched into space, on solo Vostok flights on consecutive days  in March or April 1963.&lt;br /&gt;Originally it was intended that Tereshkova would launch first in  Vostok 5 while Ponomaryova would follow her into orbit in Vostok 6.  However, this flight plan was altered in March 1963. Vostok 5 would now  carry a male cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky  flying the joint mission with a woman aboard Vostok 6 in June 1963. The  State Space Commission nominated Tereshkova to pilot Vostok 6 at their  meeting on May 21 and this was confirmed by Nikita Khrushchev himself. At the time of her selection, Tereshkova was ten years younger than the youngest Mercury Seven astronaut, Gordon Cooper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4ohW5dXKeDw/TfmsNZjr8-I/AAAAAAAAAL4/pKQxvWs_BLM/s1600/valentina-tereshkova.n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="238" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4ohW5dXKeDw/TfmsNZjr8-I/AAAAAAAAAL4/pKQxvWs_BLM/s320/valentina-tereshkova.n.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;After watching the successful launch of Vostok 5  on June 14, Tereshkova began final preparations for her own flight. She  was 26 at the time. On the morning of 16 June 1963, Tereshkova and her  back-up Solovyova were both dressed in spacesuits and taken to the launch pad  by bus. After completing her communication and life support checks, she  was sealed inside the Vostok. After a flawless two-hour countdown, Vostok 6 launched faultlessly, and Tereshkova became the first woman to fly into space. Her call sign in this flight was &lt;b&gt;Chaika&lt;/b&gt; (English: Seagull; Russian: &lt;span lang="ru"&gt;Ча́йка&lt;/span&gt;), later commemorated as the name of an asteroid, 1671 Chaika.&lt;br /&gt;Although Tereshkova experienced nausea and physical discomfort for much of the flight,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rian_3-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova#cite_note-rian-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  she orbited the earth 48 times and spent almost three days in space.  With a single flight, she logged more flight time than the combined  times of all American astronauts who had flown before that date.  Tereshkova also maintained a flight log and took photographs of the  horizon, which were later used to identify aerosol layers within the atmosphere.&lt;br /&gt;Vostok 6 was the final Vostok flight and was launched two days after Vostok 5 which carried Valery Bykovsky  into a similar orbit for five days, landing three hours after  Tereshkova. The two vessels approached each other within 5&amp;nbsp;kilometres  (3.1&amp;nbsp;mi) at one point, and Tereshkova communicated with Bykovsky and  with Khrushchev by radio.&lt;br /&gt;Even though there were plans for further flights by women, it took 19 years until the second woman, Svetlana Savitskaya,  flew into space. None of the other four in Tereshkova's early group  ever flew, and in October 1969 the pioneering female cosmonaut group was  dissolved.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TjXMj7yEt4Q/TfmsuGusCnI/AAAAAAAAAL8/M-IcFjidj00/s1600/valentina_tereshkova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TjXMj7yEt4Q/TfmsuGusCnI/AAAAAAAAAL8/M-IcFjidj00/s200/valentina_tereshkova.jpg" width="160" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Valentina Vladímirovna Tereshkova&lt;/b&gt; (en ruso &lt;i&gt;Валенти́на Влади́мировна Терешко́ва&lt;/i&gt;, nacida el 6 de marzo de 1937), cosmonauta soviética, fue la primera mujer de la historia en viajar al espacio, a bordo del Vostok 6 en 1963.&lt;br /&gt;Nació en Máslennikovo, un pequeño pueblo del óblast de Yaroslavl, en la actual Rusia. Tras abandonar la escuela, trabajó en una fábrica de neumáticos y más tarde estudió ingeniería. También practicó paracaidismo. En 1962 fue seleccionada para su ingreso en el cuerpo femenino de cosmonautas. De entre más de cuatrocientas candidatas, cinco fueron seleccionadas: Tatiana Kuznetsova, Irina Soloviova, Zhanna Yérkina, Valentina Ponomariova y Tereshkova.&lt;br /&gt;El 16 de junio de 1963, a la edad de 26 años y a bordo del Vostok 6, se convirtió en la primera mujer en viajar al espacio. Su nombre en clave durante la misión fue &lt;b&gt;Chaika&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;i&gt;gaviota&lt;/i&gt; en castellano, Чайка en ruso). Serguéi Koroliov  estaba descontento con el comportamiento de Tereshkova en órbita y no  se le permitió tomar el control manual de la nave, tal y como estaba  planeado. Aunque estaban previstos más vuelos en los que participaran  mujeres, pasaron 19 años hasta que otra mujer, Svetlana Savítskaya, viajara al espacio. Ninguna de las otras cuatro cosmonautas del grupo de Tereshkova viajó al espacio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-25qDhDZ4zU4/TfmtP7ILKJI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lJqH4OPcMsM/s1600/rennews8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-25qDhDZ4zU4/TfmtP7ILKJI/AAAAAAAAAMA/lJqH4OPcMsM/s320/rennews8.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tras la misión espacial estudió en la Academia de la Fuerza Aérea de Zhukovski, y se graduó como ingeniera espacial en 1969. Ese mismo año, el grupo de cosmonautas femenino fue disuelto. En 1977 recibió el doctorado en ingeniería. Debido a su prominencia desempeñó diversos cargos políticos: de 1966 a 1974 fue miembro del Soviet Supremo, de 1974 a 1989 formó parte del Presidium del Soviet Supremo, y de 1969 a 1991 perteneció al Comité Central del Partido Comunista. En 1997 se retiró de la fuerza aérea y del cuerpo de cosmonautas.&lt;br /&gt;El 3 de noviembre de 1963 contrajo matrimonio con el cosmonauta Andrián Nikoláyev (1929-2004) y un año más tarde dio a luz a su hija Elena (1964), quien es ahora doctora en medicina. Valentina se divorció de su primer marido en 1982. Su segundo marido, el Dr. Shapóshnikov, murió en 1999.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-8544040341779761916?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/8544040341779761916/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/valentina-tereshkova-becomes-first.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8544040341779761916'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8544040341779761916'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/valentina-tereshkova-becomes-first.html' title='Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T6-_yIK0EEM/TfmrVrwdEeI/AAAAAAAAALw/sQ9mgy__EKs/s72-c/valentina+tereshkova.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-2807262145405075639</id><published>2011-06-15T10:04:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-15T10:04:36.223+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 15'/><title type='text'>Minamoto Yoshitsune</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-toPb0tX4occ/TfhkFwRGH9I/AAAAAAAAALc/a0qAaiHe4vk/s1600/Minamoto_Yoshitsune.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-toPb0tX4occ/TfhkFwRGH9I/AAAAAAAAALc/a0qAaiHe4vk/s320/Minamoto_Yoshitsune.jpg" width="255" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Minamoto no Yoshitsune&lt;/b&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;(&lt;span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja"&gt;源 義経&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;, 1159 – June 15, 1189)&lt;/span&gt; was a general of the Minamoto clan of Japan in the late Heian and early Kamakura period. Yoshitsune was the ninth son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo. Yoshitsune's older brother Minamoto no Yoritomo (the third son of Yoshitomo) founded the Kamakura shogunate. Yoshitsune's name in childhood was Ushiwakamaru (&lt;span lang="ja"&gt;牛若丸&lt;/span&gt;). He is probably the most popular warrior of his era.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune was born during the Heiji Rebellion of 1159 in which his father and oldest two brothers were killed. His life was spared and he was put under the care of Kurama Temple (&lt;span lang="ja"&gt;鞍馬寺&lt;/span&gt;), nestled in the Hiei Mountains near the capital of Kyoto, while Yoritomo was banished to Izu Province. Eventually, Yoshitsune was put under the protection of Fujiwara no Hidehira, head of the powerful regional Northern Fujiwara clan in Hiraizumi, Mutsu Province. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A skillful swordsman, he defeated the legendary warrior monk Benkei in a duel. From then on, Benkei became Yoshitsune's right-hand man, eventually dying with him at the Siege of Koromogawa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VJKbNXLsITw/TfhkYRxW7PI/AAAAAAAAALg/6i752HouhMY/s1600/Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VJKbNXLsITw/TfhkYRxW7PI/AAAAAAAAALg/6i752HouhMY/s320/Yoshitsune_with_benkei.jpg" width="218" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In 1180, Yoshitsune heard that Yoritomo, now head of the Minamoto clan, had raised an army at the request of Prince Mochihito to fight against the Taira clan  (also known as the Heike) which had usurped the power of the emperor.  Yoshitsune shortly thereafter joined Yoritomo, along with Minamoto no Noriyori, all brothers who had never before met, in the last of three conflicts between the rival Minamoto and Taira &lt;i&gt;samurai&lt;/i&gt; clans, known as the Genpei War.&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune defeated and killed his rival cousin Minamoto no Yoshinaka at the Battle of Awazu in Ōmi Province in the first month of 1184 and in the next month defeated the Taira at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani in present day Kobe. In 1185, Yoshitsune defeated the Taira again at the Battle of Yashima in Shikoku and destroyed them at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in present day Yamaguchi Prefecture.&lt;br /&gt;After the Genpei War, Yoshitsune joined the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa  against his brother Yoritomo. Fleeing to the temporary protection of  Fujiwara no Hidehira in Mutsu again, Yoshitsune was betrayed, defeated  at the Battle of Koromo River, and forced to commit &lt;i&gt;seppuku&lt;/i&gt; along with his wife and daughter, by Hidehira's son Fujiwara no Yasuhira. Yoshitsune is enshrined in the Shinto shrine Shirahata Jinja in Fujisawa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-moQ80ZK8pw8/Tfhk03RzvPI/AAAAAAAAALk/Tqxndj4FTe0/s1600/DanNoUra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="149" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-moQ80ZK8pw8/Tfhk03RzvPI/AAAAAAAAALk/Tqxndj4FTe0/s320/DanNoUra.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yoshitsune has long been a popular figure in Japanese literature and  culture due to his appearance as the main character in the third section  of the Japanese literary classic Heike Monogatari (Tale of the Heike). The Japanese term for "sympathy for a tragic hero", &lt;i&gt;Hōgan-biiki &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;(&lt;span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja"&gt;判官贔屓&lt;/span&gt; &lt;i&gt;lit. Hōgan favor&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_help noprint"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Installing_Japanese_character_sets" title="Help:Installing Japanese character sets"&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: #0000ee; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, comes from Yoshitsune's title &lt;i&gt;Hōgan&lt;/i&gt;, which he received from the Imperial Court.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to The Tale of the Heike and Chronicle of Yoshitsune (&lt;i&gt;Gikeiki&lt;/i&gt;),  which relates events of Yoshitsune's life after the defeat of the  Heike, a great many other works of literature and drama feature him, and  together form the &lt;i&gt;sekai&lt;/i&gt; ("world") of Yoshitsune, a concept akin to the Western notion of the literary cycle.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Minamoto no Yoshitsune &lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;(&lt;span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja"&gt;源 義経&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_help"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayuda:Idioma_japon%C3%A9s" title="Ayuda:Idioma japonés"&gt;&lt;span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color: darkblue; font: bold 80% sans-serif; padding: 0 .1em; text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt; (1159 - 15 de junio de 1189) fue un general del clan Minamoto de Japón que vivió en los últimos años del período Heian y a comienzos del período Kamakura. Es uno de los samurái  más destacados en la historia japonesa, ya que es conocido por ser una  de las piezas claves dentro del clan Minamoto en recuperar los fracasos  militares que tuvo dicho clan en los tres años anteriores y en derrotar y  aniquilar en tan sólo un año al hasta entonces dominante clan Taira, durante las Guerras Genpei en 1185.&lt;br /&gt;Con esta victoria, los Minamoto consolidan su poder como clan dominante en Japón y un hermano mayor de Yoshitsune, Minamoto no Yoritomo, fundó en ese mismo año el shogunato Kamakura, quien da inicio al primer shogunato  en el país y marcaría la transición del poder de las clases cortesanas a  las clases guerreras y se convertiría en un poder alterno que  rivalizaría al Emperador de Japón, relegado como dirigente ceremonial y religioso durante los próximos 700 años.&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo, su propio hermano Yoritomo es quien iría en contra de Yoshitsune durante los próximos cuatro años y termina su vida de manera  trágica a la edad de 30 años. La historia de Yoshitsune está muy  enmarcada entre hechos históricos y algunos más asociados con el folklore japonés, su vida ha sido reseñada desde obras clásicas y tradicionales de la época como el &lt;i&gt;Heike Monogatari&lt;/i&gt; hasta videojuegos, películas y series de manga y anime más recientes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1180 tras la abdicación forzada del Emperador Takakura, asciende al trono el Emperador Antoku con un año de edad, quien por parte de su madre pertenecía al clan Taira, y era nieto de Kiyomori. El Príncipe Mochihito,  hijo del enclaustrado Emperador Go-Shirakawa reclamó el título imperial  y convocó a un llamado nacional para conformar un ejército que lucharía  contra el clan Taira, y de ahí entra en participación el clan Minamoto;  poco después daría inicio a las Guerras Genpei el 6 de mayo de ese mismo año, sin embargo el Príncipe Mochihito muere en la Primera Batalla de Uji el 23 de junio de ese año, convirtiendo a partir de ese instante en una lucha encarnizada entre dos clanes por el poder del país.&lt;br /&gt;La situación del clan Minamoto estaba en juego debido a que no lograron ganar batalla alguna durante la guerra hasta la batalla de Kurikara, el 2 de junio de 1183,  tres años después de comenzado el conflicto y del cual daría una  ventaja considerable contra el clan Taira; también con la muerte de  Taira no Kiyomori en 1181 provocó una acefalía en el liderazgo de los Taira, ya que el poder estaba ahora repartido entre sus hijos, pero que posteriormente Taira no Munemori sería el nuevo sucesor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NZrH0HcJIs0/TfhnByK0_ZI/AAAAAAAAALo/tVTbGXq-oI4/s1600/minamoto_yoshitsune_war.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NZrH0HcJIs0/TfhnByK0_ZI/AAAAAAAAALo/tVTbGXq-oI4/s1600/minamoto_yoshitsune_war.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durante las Guerras Genpei, Yoshitsune conoce a Saitō Musashibō Benkei, un hábil y fuerte sōhei (monje budista guerrero) de Kioto y cuyo nombre es un tópico importante dentro del folklore japonés.  Cuenta la tradición que Benkei desafiaba a duelo a los que portaban  espada y tomaba las espadas de los que vencía, llegando a coleccionar  999 espadas. En su milésimo duelo, Yoshitsune venció a Benkei, a cambio  éste se convertiría en vasallo y buen amigo de Yoshitsune y pelearía a  su lado durante el resto de su vida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después de Ichi-no-Tani, Yoshitsune y Noriyori pensaron en perseguir a  los Taira en Yashima, la base principal del clan en la isla de Shikoku;  pero Yoritomo ordenó a sus hermanos que no continuaran con la ofensiva y  que regresaran a Kioto con las cabezas de sus oponentes como trofeos de  batalla. Así, Yoshitsune permaneció seis meses en Kioto, de finales de  1184 a comienzos de 1185. Noriyori fue enviado en octubre de 1184 a la  isla occidental de Kyushu para encabezar varias batallas contra los Taira en esa región.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7X66BrXmjoM/Tfhnag-wygI/AAAAAAAAALs/bafukNGVr70/s1600/yoshitsune_samurai.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7X66BrXmjoM/Tfhnag-wygI/AAAAAAAAALs/bafukNGVr70/s200/yoshitsune_samurai.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Durante este período, Yoshitsune se convirtió en delegado principal  de Yoritomo y asumió el papel de mantener el orden en los territorios  controlados por el clan Minamoto, emitiendo edictos para el cese de las  hostilidades en dichas regiones. También era encargado de aprobar o  desaprobar cualquier proyecto o impuesto establecido sin el  consentimiento del clan.&lt;br /&gt;Sin embargo, durante esta etapa se comenzó a deteriorar la relación  con su hermano Yoritomo. Una de las razones fue la negativa de Yoritomo a  conceder a Yoshitsune los títulos nobiliarios que le había otorgado a  Noriyori por los servicios prestados; la razón de fondo era el intento  de mantener a Yoshitsune fuera de la corte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después de las Guerras Genpei, Yoshitsune se alió con el enclaustrado Emperador Go-Shirakawa  para rebelarse contra su hermano Yoritomo. Abandonando la protección de  Fujiwara no Hidehira, fue traicionado y asesinado en 1189 por Fujiwara no Yasuhira, hijo de Hidehira.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En el templo shinto &lt;i&gt;Shirahata Jinja&lt;/i&gt; en Fujisawa se honra la memoria de Yoshitsune.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ageha-cho.svg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Sasa_Rindo.svg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune#cite_note-britannica-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-2807262145405075639?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/2807262145405075639/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/minamoto-yoshitsune.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2807262145405075639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2807262145405075639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/minamoto-yoshitsune.html' title='Minamoto Yoshitsune'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-toPb0tX4occ/TfhkFwRGH9I/AAAAAAAAALc/a0qAaiHe4vk/s72-c/Minamoto_Yoshitsune.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-8115747801841479963</id><published>2011-06-14T08:35:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-14T08:35:57.890+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 14'/><title type='text'>Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fq0sRTgQjuo/Tfb_sUQJY5I/AAAAAAAAALU/Tw4FWX0OHFY/s1600/stars-and-stripes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="217" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fq0sRTgQjuo/Tfb_sUQJY5I/AAAAAAAAALU/Tw4FWX0OHFY/s320/stars-and-stripes.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;During the American Revolution,  the Second Continental Congress adopts a resolution stating that "the  flag of the United States be thirteen alternate stripes red and white"  and that "the Union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field,  representing a new Constellation." The national flag, which became known  as the "Stars and Stripes," was based on the "Grand Union" flag, a  banner carried by the Continental Army in 1776 that also consisted of 13  red and white stripes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to legend, Philadelphian  seamstress Betsy Ross designed the new canton for the Stars and Stripes,  which consisted of a circle of 13 stars and a blue background, at the  request of General George Washington. Historians have been unable to conclusively prove or disprove this legend.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;With the entrance of new states into the United States after  independence, new stripes and stars were added to represent new  additions to the Union. In 1818, however, Congress enacted a law  stipulating that the 13 original stripes be restored to honour the  original colonies and that only stars be added to represent new states.  The current flag with 50 stars is the longest rendition in use, with  Hawaii being the last state to gain statehood in 1959.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 14  June 1877, the first Flag Day observance was held on the 100th  anniversary of the adoption of the Stars and Stripes. As instructed by  Congress, the US flag was flown from all public buildings across the  country. In the years after the first Flag Day, several states continued  to observe the anniversary, and in 1949 Congress officially designated  14 June as Flag Day, a national day of observance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="168" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hEFogl12QgY/TfcA63D559I/AAAAAAAAALY/uqcqMKCd_u0/s1600/7419-Betsy+Ross+biography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hEFogl12QgY/TfcA63D559I/AAAAAAAAALY/uqcqMKCd_u0/s200/7419-Betsy+Ross+biography.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;El 14 de junio de 1777 el Comité de Marina del Congreso Continental  aprobó una resolución sobre la bandera por la que se establecía que  tendría trece barras alternando rojas y blancas, y en un cuadro azul en  el cantón trece estrellas blancas formando una constelación; aunque no  se precisaba, en los primeros diseños las estrellas se colocaron en  círculo. Esta resolución se refería a una bandera naval, todavía no a una bandera nacional, pero posteriormente su uso se fue extendiendo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h4&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Evoluci.C3.B3n_de_la_bandera"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;En 1795 el número de estrellas se incrementó de 13 a 15 como consecuencia de la admisión de Vermont y Kentucky  como estados de la Unión. Las 15 estrellas se mantuvieron pese a la  admisión de nuevos estados hasta 1818 en que aprobó por ley una bandera  de 20 estrellas con la precisión de que se añadiría una más por cada  nuevo estado que ingresara en la Unión, y que cada nuevo diseño entraría  en vigor siempre el 4 de julio siguiente a la admisión. La bandera ha  ido incrementando el número de estrellas hasta llegar a las 50 actuales  en 1960 tras la admisión de Hawái.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h4&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Colores" style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Colores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Según el libro &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Our flag&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;Nuestra bandera&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;, en español), de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;"los colores rojo, blanco y azul no tenían significado para las Barras y Estrellas cuando fue adoptada en 1777"&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt; Sin embargo, sobre los colores del Sello de los Estados Unidos, adoptado en 1782, dice que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;"el blanco simboliza su color de piel e inocencia, el rojo sangre y valor, y el azul el cielo, perseverancia y justicia"&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-8115747801841479963?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/8115747801841479963/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/congress-adopts-stars-and-stripes.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8115747801841479963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8115747801841479963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/congress-adopts-stars-and-stripes.html' title='Congress adopts the Stars and Stripes'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fq0sRTgQjuo/Tfb_sUQJY5I/AAAAAAAAALU/Tw4FWX0OHFY/s72-c/stars-and-stripes.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1011979156213947936</id><published>2011-06-13T14:30:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-13T14:33:23.859+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 13'/><title type='text'>Alexander the Great dies</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6xVDFV-i58A/TfYBpxcryOI/AAAAAAAAALA/4mphL3Udia0/s1600/alejandro-magno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6xVDFV-i58A/TfYBpxcryOI/AAAAAAAAALA/4mphL3Udia0/s320/alejandro-magno.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alexander III of Macedon&lt;/b&gt; (20/21 July 356 – 12/13 June 323&amp;nbsp;BC), commonly known as &lt;b&gt;Alexander the Great&lt;/b&gt; (Greek: &lt;span lang="el"&gt;Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Mégas Aléxandros&lt;/i&gt;), was a king of Macedon (Greek: &lt;span lang="el"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Βασιλεύς Μακεδόνων&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;), a state in the north eastern region of Greece, and by the age of thirty was the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history, stretching from the Ionian sea to the Himalaya. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of the most successful commanders of all time.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yenne.2C_W._2010_0-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great#cite_note-Yenne.2C_W._2010-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Born in Pella in 356&amp;nbsp;BC, Alexander was tutored by the famed philosopher Aristotle. In 336&amp;nbsp;BC he succeeded his father Philip II of Macedon to the throne after Philip was assassinated. Philip had brought most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony, using both military and diplomatic means.&lt;br /&gt;Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an  experienced army. He succeeded in being awarded the generalship of  Greece and, with his authority firmly established, launched the military  plans for expansion left by his father. In 334&amp;nbsp;BC he invaded  Persian-ruled Asia Minor and began a series of campaigns lasting ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. Subsequently he overthrew the Persian king Darius III and conquered the entirety of the Persian Empire. The Macedonian Empire now stretched from the Adriatic sea to the Indus River.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lNPMtQ-aUPo/TfYB6InCDkI/AAAAAAAAALE/y3363aHf7vM/s1600/600px-Imperio_de_Alejandro_Magno_con_ruta.svg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="173" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lNPMtQ-aUPo/TfYB6InCDkI/AAAAAAAAALE/y3363aHf7vM/s320/600px-Imperio_de_Alejandro_Magno_con_ruta.svg.png" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Following his desire to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326&amp;nbsp;BC, but was eventually forced to turn back by the near-mutiny of his troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323&amp;nbsp;BC, without realizing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia.  In the years following Alexander's death a series of civil wars tore  his empire apart which resulted in the formation of a number of states  ruled by the Diadochi  - Alexander's surviving generals. Although he is mostly remembered for  his vast conquests, Alexander's lasting legacy was not his reign, but  the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered.&lt;br /&gt;Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic culture, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire until the mid-15th century. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles,  and features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek  cultures. He became the measure against which generals, even to this  day, compare themselves and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactical exploits.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QM2nVqCr_hg/TfYCMThb1OI/AAAAAAAAALI/ylf6qM3E_rk/s1600/Alejandro%252BMagno.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QM2nVqCr_hg/TfYCMThb1OI/AAAAAAAAALI/ylf6qM3E_rk/s1600/Alejandro%252BMagno.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alejandro III de Macedonia&lt;/b&gt;, más conocido como &lt;b&gt;Alejandro Magno&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(griego: Μέγας Αλέξανδρος,&amp;nbsp;romanización: &lt;i&gt;Mégas Aléxandros&lt;/i&gt;); Pella, 20 ó 21 de julio de 356&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C. – Babilonia, 12 ó 13 de junio, de 323&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C.), fue el rey de Macedonia desde 336&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C. hasta su muerte. Hijo y sucesor de Filipo II de Macedonia. Filipo le había preparado para reinar, proporcionándole una experiencia militar y encomendando a Aristóteles  su formación intelectual. Alejandro Magno dedicó los primeros años de  su reinado a imponer su autoridad sobre los pueblos sometidos a  Macedonia, que habían aprovechado la muerte de Filipo para rebelarse. Y  enseguida –en el 334&amp;nbsp;a.&amp;nbsp;C.– lanzó a su ejército contra el poderoso y  extenso Imperio Persa, continuando así la empresa que su padre había  iniciado poco antes de morir: una guerra de venganza de los griegos  —bajo el liderazgo de Macedonia— contra los persas.&lt;br /&gt;En su reinado de 13 años, cambió por completo la estructura política y cultural de la zona al conquistar el Imperio Aqueménida  y dar inicio a una época de extraordinario progreso e intercambio  cultural, en la que lo griego se expandió por los ámbitos mediterráneo y  próximoriental. Es el llamado Período Helenístico  (323–30 a. C.) Tanto es así, que sus hazañas le han convertido en un  mito y, en algunos momentos, en casi una figura divina, posiblemente por  la profunda religiosidad que manifestó a lo largo de su vida.&lt;br /&gt;Tras consolidar la frontera de los Balcanes y la hegemonía macedonia sobre las ciudades-estado de la antigua Grecia, poniendo fin a la rebelión que se produjo tras la muerte de su padre, Alejandro cruzó el Helesponto hacia Asia Menor (334 a. C.) y comenzó la conquista del Imperio Persa, regido por Darío III. Victorioso en las batallas de Gránico (334), Issos (333), Gaugamela (331) y de la Puerta Persa (330), se hizo con un dominio que se extendía por la Hélade, Egipto, Anatolia, Oriente Próximo y Asia Central hasta los ríos Indo y Oxus. Habiendo avanzado hasta la India, donde derrotó al rey Poro en la batalla del Hidaspes (326), la negativa de sus tropas a continuar hacia Oriente le obligó a retornar a Babilonia, donde falleció sin completar sus planes de conquista de la península arábiga.  Con la llamada "política de fusión", Alejandro promovió la integración  de los pueblos sometidos a la dominación macedonia promoviendo su  incorporación al ejército y favoreciendo los matrimonios mixtos. Él  mismo se casó con dos mujeres persas de noble cuna.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GQCp5PMPhE0/TfYDRNJEXTI/AAAAAAAAALQ/CXPWfdprHNE/s1600/alexdarious.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="182" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GQCp5PMPhE0/TfYDRNJEXTI/AAAAAAAAALQ/CXPWfdprHNE/s320/alexdarious.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El conquistador macedonio falleció en circunstancias oscuras, dejando  un imperio sin consolidar. El control sobre diversas regiones era débil  en el mejor de los casos, y había partes del norte de Asia Menor que  jamás se hallaron bajo dominio macedonio. Al morir sin nombrar  claramente un heredero, le sucedió su medio hermano Filipo III Arrideo (323–17), que era deficiente, y su hijo póstumo Alejandro IV (323–9). Meros figurones, el verdadero poder estuvo en manos de sus generales, los llamados diádocos  (sucesores), que iniciaron una lucha despiadada por la supremacía que  conduciría al reparto del imperio de Alejandro y su fraccionamiento en  una serie de reinos, entre los cuales acabarían imponiéndose el Egipto Ptolemaico, el Imperio Seléucida y la Macedonia antigónida.&lt;br /&gt;Alejandro es el mayor de los iconos culturales de la Antigüedad,  ensalzado como el más heroico de los grandes conquistadores, un segundo Aquiles,  o vilipendiado como un tirano megalómano que destruyó la estabilidad  creada por los persas. Su figura y legado ha estado presente en la  historia y la cultura tanto de Occidente como de Oriente a lo largo de  más de dos milenios, y ha inspirado a los grandes conquistadores de  todos los tiempos, desde Julio César hasta Napoleón Bonaparte.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1011979156213947936?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1011979156213947936/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/alexander-great-dies.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1011979156213947936'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1011979156213947936'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/alexander-great-dies.html' title='Alexander the Great dies'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6xVDFV-i58A/TfYBpxcryOI/AAAAAAAAALA/4mphL3Udia0/s72-c/alejandro-magno.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-7744772807833590725</id><published>2011-06-12T17:26:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-12T17:26:21.379+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 12'/><title type='text'>Anne Frank</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P91Acwcc0AY/TfTZwEWVa6I/AAAAAAAAAK4/nsHgnnxfETA/s1600/ana-frank.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P91Acwcc0AY/TfTZwEWVa6I/AAAAAAAAAK4/nsHgnnxfETA/s320/ana-frank.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;One of the most famous Jewish victims of the Holocaust,  Anne Frank penned one of the world's most powerful accounts of Jewish  life during World War II. Although Anne's diary did not pertain directly  to the Holocaust, its readers became personally acquainted with one of  the millions of Jewish victims of Nazi persecution, and the immense  horror and tragedy of the Holocaust was transformed into a personal  event. &lt;br /&gt;Anne (Annelise) Marie Frank was born on June 12, 1929, in  Frankfurt, Germany, to Otto and Edith Frank, both of whom came from  respected German Jewish families. Anne and her older sister Margot grew  up in a Germany that was becoming increasingly hostile to Jews, and the  hostility worsened when the anti-Jewish National Socialist party led by  Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933. Realizing that the situation for  Jews in Germany was becoming perilous, Otto Frank went to The  Netherlands to set up a branch of his brother's company, the Dutch  Opekta Company, in the city of Amsterdam. His family joined him soon  after, and by the mid-1930s, the Franks had settled into a relatively  happy existence free of persecution for their Jewish heritage. Anne  quickly adapted to life in the new country and developed many  friendships with Jewish and non-Jewish children alike.&lt;br /&gt;In 1939, the uneasy peace in Europe was shattered when German military forces began invading other European countries. World War II  had commenced. In May 1940, The Netherlands surrendered to Germany and  was quickly brought under the rule of German occupation. The Netherlands  could no longer protect its Jewish population from Nazi persecution,  and the occupying Nazi administration issued increasingly severe  anti-Jewish decrees to isolate the Jews from the rest of the Dutch  population. All Jews had to register their businesses and later  surrender them to non-Jews. Otto Frank turned his business over to his  non-Jewish colleagues, Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman. In 1941, Anne  and Margot were no longer allowed to attend school with non-Jews. By  1942, all Jews aged 6 and older were required to wear a yellow Star of  David on their clothes to mark them as Jews. Soon, Dutch Jews were being  rounded up and deported to Westerbork prison camp in the northern  Netherlands.&lt;br /&gt;Meanwhile, Otto Frank was preparing the upper floors  of the back annex attached to his office as a secret place where his  family could hide from Nazi officials and sympathizers and escape  deportation to the labor prison camps. He had solicited the help of  Kugler and Kleiman as well as office workers Miep Gies, Jan Gies, and  Bep Voskuijl to sustain them in hiding during the Nazi occupation. When  Margot received a deportation notice on July 5, 1942, the family  immediately went into hiding. The Franks were joined a week later by  Otto's Jewish business partner Hermann van Pels, his wife Auguste, and  their son Peter, and in November, by Fritz Pfeffer.&lt;br /&gt;Through the  social turmoil of the Nazi occupation, Anne tried to go on with her life  as usual, but she keenly felt the discrimination and isolation imposed  upon herself and the other Jews. When Anne's parents gave the lonely  girl a diary for her 13th birthday, she was thrilled and began writing  in it right away. The diary, which she named Kitty, was to become one of  the most poignant memoirs of Jewish life during World War II in  occupied Europe.&lt;br /&gt;For over two years, the hideaways in the annex  shared a confined space and lived under constant dread of detection by  the Nazis. A hinged bookcase was all that separated the occupants of the  annex from the outside world, and it was through this door that Miep  and Bep passed along scant food and news to the eight people. Despite  the discomforts, they tried to lead as normal a life as possible. For  Anne, Margot, and Peter, this meant studying and doing homework. During  the years in hiding, Anne developed from a girl into an adolescent who  harbored uncommon depth and complexity, and her diary became her best  friend and confidante. She described the ups and downs of daily life in  hiding and was candid about the others and unusually honest about the  changes in herself. She wrote some of her diary notations into little  stories, and rewrote a large portion of her diary from March to August  1944 after learning from a Dutch Free Radio broadcast that her diary  could be of historical interest to others. The diary entries portrayed  the adolescent Anne as a smart, free-spirited girl with a keen interest  in boys and in cinema, who remained optimistic and dared to dream  glamorous dreams despite her harrowing confinement.&lt;br /&gt;As 1944  progressed, the annex occupants became more and more hopeful that the  defeat of the Axis powers was at hand, and dreamed of returning to a  normal life. But on Aug. 4, 1944, a Nazi policeman and several Dutch  collaborators raided the annex after receiving a tip from an informant.  The residents of the secret annex were arrested and sent to Westerbork; a  month later, they were on the last transport ever to leave Westerbork  for Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland. Mrs. Frank died of  starvation at Auschwitz. In October, Anne and Margot were transported  from Auschwitz to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northwest Germany.  There, the sisters soon contracted typhus, and the two died within  weeks of each other in March 1945, a month before the camp was liberated  by Allied troops. Otto Frank was the only resident of the annex to  survive the Holocaust.&lt;br /&gt;Anne's notebooks were found scattered on  the floor of the empty hiding place by Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl after  the raid. Miep kept the diary in hopes of returning it to its owner, but  she gave it to Otto when she learned that Anne had died. Following the  suggestion of friends, Otto decided to publish Anne's diary, and in  1947, the diary—under the title ‘Het Achterhuis' (The Secret Annex, the  title Anne had chosen herself)—was published in The Netherlands.  Eventually, the diary was translated into more than 55 languages and  became one of the most widely read books in the world. The popularity  and emotional resonance of Anne Frank's diary even led to dramatic  renditions of the events recorded in the diary. A successful stage  production of the Pulitzer prize-winning play, ‘The Diary of Anne  Frank', premiered in 1955, and a film adaptation of the play was  released in 1959.&lt;br /&gt;In 1957, when the demolition of the secret annex  was imminent, a number of prominent citizens of Amsterdam established  the Anne Frank Foundation to preserve the annex on Prinsengracht 263.  The house was transformed into a museum known as the Anne Frank House.&lt;br /&gt;On  the 50th anniversary of her death, Anne Frank became the subject of  renewed public attention. The Anne Frank Educational Trust initiated the  making of a film to commemorate her life and death. The result was the  Academy award-winning documentary ‘Anne Frank Remembered' (1995), which  tells the story of the Frank family and presents a three-dimensional  portrait of Anne through interviews of Anne Frank's friends and  schoolmates and never-before-seen archive footage. Also in 1995, a  definitive edition of Anne Frank's diary, which included excerpts left  out of the original version, was published by Doubleday. The continued  public interest in the life and tragic death of Anne Frank was a  testament to her enduring legacy of hope and humanity in the face of  fear and evil.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xLfr9nuY5Js/TfTaa6I-nUI/AAAAAAAAAK8/ZLDHNcBSoe8/s1600/foto_portada.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xLfr9nuY5Js/TfTaa6I-nUI/AAAAAAAAAK8/ZLDHNcBSoe8/s320/foto_portada.jpg" width="222" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Annelies Marie «Anne» Frank&lt;/b&gt;, conocida en castellano como &lt;b&gt;Ana Frank&lt;/b&gt; (Fráncfort del Meno, 12 de junio de 1929 – Bergen-Belsen, 12 de marzo de 1945) fue una niña judía alemana, mundialmente conocida gracias al &lt;i&gt;Diario de Ana Frank&lt;/i&gt;,  la edición en forma de libro de su diario íntimo, donde dejó constancia  de los casi dos años y medio que pasó ocultándose, con su familia y  cuatro personas más, de los nazis en Ámsterdam (Países Bajos) durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Su familia fue capturada y llevada a distintos campos de concentración  alemanes. El único superviviente de los ocho escondidos fue Otto Frank,  su padre. Ana fue enviada al campo de concentración nazi de Auschwitz el 2 de septiembre de 1944 y, más tarde, al campo de concentración de Bergen-Belsen, donde murió de tifus el 12 de marzo de 1945,  pocos días antes de que éste fuera liberado. En 1947, apenas dos años  después de terminada la guerra, Otto publica el diario bajo el título «La casa de atrás»&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nació en Fráncfort del Meno (Hesse, Alemania), siendo la segunda hija de Otto Heinrich Frank (12 de mayo de 1889 - 19 de agosto de 1980) y su mujer Edith Hollander (16 de enero de 1900 - 6 de enero de 1945), una familia de patriotas alemanes que habían participado en la Primera Guerra Mundial. Tenía una hermana mayor, Margot Frank (16 de febrero de 1926 - 9 de marzo de 1945).  Junto con su familia, tuvo que mudarse a Ámsterdam, huyendo de los  nazis. Allí le regalaron un diario al cumplir los trece años. Muy poco  después, su familia tuvo que ocultarse en un escondrijo, la &lt;i&gt;Achterhuis&lt;/i&gt;,  situada en un viejo edificio en el Prinsengracht, un canal en el lado  occidental de Ámsterdam, y cuya puerta estaba escondida tras una  estantería. Allí vivieron durante la ocupación alemana, desde el 9 de julio de 1942 hasta el 4 de agosto de 1944.&lt;br /&gt;En el escondite había ocho personas: sus padres, Otto y Edith Frank;  ella y su hermana Margot; Fritz Pfeffer, un dentista judío (al que Ana  dio el nombre de Albert Dussel en su &lt;i&gt;Diario&lt;/i&gt;), y la familia van Pels (van Daan en el &lt;i&gt;Diario&lt;/i&gt;), formada por Hermann y Auguste van Pels y el hijo de ambos, Peter. Durante aquellos años, Ana escribió su &lt;i&gt;Diario&lt;/i&gt;,  en el que describía su miedo a vivir escondida durante años, sus  nacientes sentimientos por Peter, los conflictos con sus padres, y su  vocación de escritora. Pocos meses antes de ser descubiertos, empezó a  reescribir su &lt;i&gt;Diario&lt;/i&gt; con la idea de publicarlo tras la guerra.&lt;br /&gt;Después de más de dos años, un informador holandés guio a la Gestapo a su escondite. Fueron arrestados por la Grüne Polizei y, el 2 de septiembre de 1944 toda la familia fue trasladada en tren de Westerbork (campo de concentración en el noreste de Holanda) a Auschwitz, viaje que les llevó tres días. Mientras tanto, Miep Gies y Bep Voskuijl, dos de los que los protegieron mientras estuvieron escondidos, encontraron y guardaron el &lt;i&gt;Diario&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Ana, Margot y Edith Frank, la familia van Pels y Fritz Pfeffer no sobrevivieron a los campos de concentración nazis (aunque Peter van Pels  murió durante las marchas entre campos de concentración). Margot y Ana  pasaron un mes en Auschwitz-Birkenau y luego fueron enviadas a Bergen-Belsen, donde murieron de fiebre tifoidea  en marzo de 1945, poco antes de la liberación. Sólo Otto logró salir de  los campos de concentración con vida. Miep le dio el diario, que  editaría con el fin de publicarlo con el título &lt;i&gt;Diario de Ana Frank&lt;/i&gt;, que ha sido ya publicado en 67 idiomas.&lt;br /&gt;El memorial en honor a Ana y Margot Frank está en el lugar donde estaba la fosa común correspondiente a la barraca donde murieron en el &lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n" title="Campo de concentración"&gt;campo de concentración&lt;/a&gt; de Bergen-Belsen.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-7744772807833590725?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/7744772807833590725/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/anne-frank.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7744772807833590725'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7744772807833590725'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/anne-frank.html' title='Anne Frank'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-P91Acwcc0AY/TfTZwEWVa6I/AAAAAAAAAK4/nsHgnnxfETA/s72-c/ana-frank.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-44141999520600178</id><published>2011-06-11T20:43:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-11T20:43:01.772+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 11'/><title type='text'>John Wayne</title><content type='html'>&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=24683559001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=24683559001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On this day in 1979, John Wayne,  an iconic American film actor famous for starring in countless  westerns, dies at age 72 after battling cancer for more than a decade.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The actor was born Marion Robert Morrison on 26 May 1907, in Winterset,  Iowa, and moved as a child to Glendale, California. A football star at  Glendale High School, he attended the University of Southern California  on a scholarship but dropped out after two years. After finding work as a  movie studio labourer, Wayne befriended director John Ford, then a  rising talent. His first acting jobs were bit parts in which he was  credited as Duke Morrison, a childhood nickname derived from the name of  his beloved pet dog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wayne’s first starring role came in 1930  with ‘The Big Trail’, a film directed by his college buddy Raoul Walsh.  It was during this time that Marion Morrison became "John Wayne", when  director Walsh didn’t think Marion was a good name for an actor playing a  tough western hero. Despite the lead actor’s new name, however, the  movie flopped. Throughout the 1930s, Wayne made dozens of mediocre  westerns, sometimes churning out two movies a week. In them, he played  various rough-and-tumble characters and occasionally appeared as  "Singing Sandy", a musical cowpoke a la Roy Rogers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1939,  Wayne finally had his breakthrough when his old friend John Ford cast  him as Ringo Kid in the Oscar-winning ‘Stagecoach’. Wayne went on to  play larger-than-life heroes in dozens of movies and came to symbolise  the archetypal rugged, strong, straight-shooting American man. John Ford  directed Wayne in some of his best-known films, including ‘Fort Apache’  (1948), ‘She Wore a Yellow Ribbon’ (1949), ‘Rio Grande’ (1950), ‘The  Quiet Man’ (1952) and ‘The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance’ (1962).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Off-screen, Wayne came to be known for his conservative political  views. He produced, directed and starred in ‘The Alamo’ (1960) and ‘The  Green Berets’ (1968), both of which reflected his patriotic,  conservative leanings. In 1969, he won an Oscar for his role as a  drunken, one-eyed federal marshal named Rooster Cogburn in ‘True Grit’.  Wayne’s last film was ‘The Shootist’ (1976), in which he played a  legendary gunslinger dying of cancer. The role had particular meaning,  as the actor was fighting the disease in real life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In over  four decades of acting, Wayne, with his trademark drawl and good looks,  appeared in over 250 films. He was married three times and had seven  children.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yto0PvVfcpY/TfO24EpL0II/AAAAAAAAAK0/gen13cmss0E/s1600/John_wayne_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yto0PvVfcpY/TfO24EpL0II/AAAAAAAAAK0/gen13cmss0E/s320/John_wayne_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marion Robert Morrison&lt;/b&gt;, de nombre artístico &lt;b&gt;John Wayne&lt;/b&gt; (Winterset, Iowa, Estados Unidos, 26 de mayo de 1907 – Victoria de Durango, Durango, México, 11 de junio de 1979), conocido popularmente como &lt;i&gt;The Duke&lt;/i&gt; (El Duque), fue un actor estadounidense que comenzó su carrera en el cine mudo en la década de 1920.  Fue el símbolo de lo rudo y masculino, y fue un icono norteamericano  durante muchos años. Es memorable el timbre distintivo de su voz, su  forma de caminar y su presencia física. También fue célebre su postura  política conservadora y su apoyo a las posturas políticas anticomunistas de la década de 1950.&lt;br /&gt;En 1999, el American Film Institute le otorgó el lugar número 13 en su lista de las 100 Estrellas Más Grandes de Todos los Tiempos. Una encuesta Harris publicada en 2007 le otorgó el tercer lugar entre las estrellas favoritas de los Estados Unidos,  la única estrella ya fallecida de la encuesta y, a la vez, la única  estrella que había estado apareciendo en ella todos los años.&lt;br /&gt;Su carrera fílmica comenzó en el cine mudo en la década de 1920, pero  su éxito y fama se consolidaron entre las de 1940 y 1970. Su imagen ha  quedado asociada, para muchos, con el género Western y con las películas de guerra, a pesar de que en realidad trabajó en muchos otros géneros (biografías, comedias románticas, dramas policíacos, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wayne ganó un Óscar al mejor actor por su papel en la película &lt;i&gt;True Grit&lt;/i&gt;  (1969). Muchos piensan que el premio fue otorgado en reconocimiento a  sus 40 años de carrera, más que por su desempeño en este filme en  particular, ya que tuvo mejores actuaciones en &lt;i&gt;Red River&lt;/i&gt; (1948), &lt;i&gt;She wore a yellow ribbon&lt;/i&gt; (1949 ) y &lt;i&gt;The Searchers&lt;/i&gt;. Wayne también estuvo nominado para mejor actor en &lt;i&gt;Sands of Iwo Jima&lt;/i&gt;, y la película &lt;i&gt;El Álamo&lt;/i&gt; (1960) estuvo nominada para el Óscar a la mejor película, y fue Wayne productor de la misma. Él también dirigió el film &lt;i&gt;The Green Berets&lt;/i&gt; (1968), la única película hecha durante la Guerra de Vietnam en mostrar soldados norteamericanos a favor del conflicto.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-44141999520600178?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/44141999520600178/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/john-wayne.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/44141999520600178'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/44141999520600178'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/john-wayne.html' title='John Wayne'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yto0PvVfcpY/TfO24EpL0II/AAAAAAAAAK0/gen13cmss0E/s72-c/John_wayne_challenge_of_ideas_screenshot_2.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-7420558291425333525</id><published>2011-06-10T09:18:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-10T09:19:11.332+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 10'/><title type='text'>Benjamin Franklin flies kite during thunderstorm</title><content type='html'>&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=24683543001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=24683543001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On this day in 1752, Benjamin Franklin  flies a kite during a thunderstorm and collects a charge in a Leyden  jar when the kite is struck by lightning, enabling him to demonstrate  the electrical nature of lightning. Franklin became interested in  electricity in the mid-1740s, a time when much was still unknown on the  topic, and spent almost a decade conducting electrical experiments. He  coined a number of terms used today, including battery, conductor and  electrician. He also invented the lightning rod, used to protect  buildings and ships.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rgh76PcKYEM/TfHE2A8sXjI/AAAAAAAAAKs/60d6_ask_68/s1600/Franklin_lightning_engraving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rgh76PcKYEM/TfHE2A8sXjI/AAAAAAAAAKs/60d6_ask_68/s200/Franklin_lightning_engraving.jpg" width="123" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Franklin was born on 17 January  1706, in Boston, to a candle and soap maker named Josiah Franklin, who  fathered 17 children, and his wife Abiah Folger. Franklin’s formal  education ended at age 10 and he went to work as an apprentice to his  brother James, a printer. In 1723, following a dispute with his brother,  Franklin left Boston and ended up in Philadelphia, where he found work  as a printer. Following a brief stint as a printer in London, Franklin  returned to Philadelphia and became a successful businessman, whose  publishing ventures included the Pennsylvania Gazette and Poor Richard’s  Almanack, a collection of homespun proverbs advocating hard work and  honesty in order to get ahead. The almanac, which Franklin first  published in 1733 under the pen name Richard Saunders, included such  wisdom as: "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy  and wise."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whether or not Franklin followed this advice  in his own life, he came to represent the classic American overachiever.  In addition to his accomplishments in business and science, he is noted  for his numerous civic contributions. Among other things, he developed a  library, insurance company, city hospital and academy in Philadelphia  that would later become the University of Pennsylvania.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Most significantly, Franklin was one of the founding fathers  of the United States and had a career as a statesman that spanned four  decades. He served as a legislator in Pennsylvania as well as a diplomat  in England and France. He is the only politician to have signed all  four documents fundamental to the creation of the U.S.: the Declaration  of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Alliance with France (1778), the  Treaty of Paris (1783), which established peace with Great Britain, and  the U.S. Constitution (1787).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Franklin died at age 84 on 17 April 1790, in Philadelphia. He remains one of the leading figures in U.S. history&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1d48ailRYI/TfHEUY-ISvI/AAAAAAAAAKo/d6eskze9ziY/s1600/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-t1d48ailRYI/TfHEUY-ISvI/AAAAAAAAAKo/d6eskze9ziY/s200/Franklin-Benjamin-LOC.jpg" width="148" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Benjamin Franklin&lt;/b&gt; fue el decimoquinto hijo de un total de diecisiete  hermanos (cuatro medios hermanos de padre y el resto hermanos de padre y  madre).Hijo de Josiah Franklin (1656-1744) y de su segunda esposa Abiah  Folger. Su formación se limitó a estudios básicos en la &lt;i&gt;South Grammar School&lt;/i&gt;, y sólo hasta los diez años. Primero trabajó ayudando a su padre en la fábrica de velas y jabones de su propiedad. Tras buscar satisfacción en otros oficios (marino, carpintero, albañil, tornero), a los doce años empezó a trabajar como aprendiz en la imprenta de su hermano, James Franklin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Franklin fue un prolífico científico e inventor. Además del pararrayos, inventó también el llamado &lt;i&gt;horno de Franklin&lt;/i&gt; o &lt;i&gt;chimenea de Pensilvania&lt;/i&gt; (1744), metálico y más seguro que las tradicionales chimeneas; las lentes bifocales, para su propio uso; un humidificador para estufas y chimeneas; uno de los primeros catéteres urinarios flexibles, para tratar los cálculos urinarios de su hermano John; el cuentakilómetros, en su etapa de trabajo en la Oficina Postal; las aletas de nadador, la armónica de cristal... Estudió también las corrientes oceánicas calientes de la costa Este de Norteamérica, siendo el primero en describir la Corriente del Golfo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1752 lleva a cabo en Filadelfia su famoso experimento con la cometa. Ató una cometa con esqueleto de metal a un hilo de seda, en cuyo extremo llevaba una llave  también metálica. Haciéndola volar un día de tormenta , confirmó que la  llave se cargaba de electricidad, demostrando así que las nubes están  cargadas de electricidad y los rayos son descargas eléctricas. Gracias a  este experimento creó su más famoso invento, el pararrayos. A partir de ahí, se instalaron por todo el estado (había ya 400 en 1782), llegando a Europa en la década de los '60. Presentó la &lt;i&gt;teoría del fluido único&lt;/i&gt;  (ésta afirmaba que cualquier fenómeno eléctrico era causado por un  fluido eléctrico, la "electricidad positiva", mientras que la ausencia  del mismo podía considerarse "electricidad negativa") para explicar los  dos tipos de electricidad atmosférica a partir de la observación del  comportamiento de las varillas de ámbar, o del conductor eléctrico,  entre otros.&lt;br /&gt;Afortunadamente, tenemos mucha información sobre la vida y los puntos  de vista de Franklin, debido a que a los 40 años comenzó a escribir su autobiografía (supuestamente para su hijo). Ésta fue publicada a título póstumo con el título de &lt;i&gt;La vida privada de Benjamin Franklin&lt;/i&gt;. La primera edición vio la luz en París en marzo de 1791 (Memoires De La Vie Privée), menos de un año después de su muerte, y en 1793 estaba disponible la traducción al inglés (The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es, quizás, el ciudadano más famoso de Filadelfia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mKBEh7JCDfQ/TfHFIhPw3fI/AAAAAAAAAKw/o3NQGbCSsnQ/s1600/Autograph_of_Benjamin_Franklin_%2528from_Nordisk_familjebok%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mKBEh7JCDfQ/TfHFIhPw3fI/AAAAAAAAAKw/o3NQGbCSsnQ/s1600/Autograph_of_Benjamin_Franklin_%2528from_Nordisk_familjebok%2529.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-7420558291425333525?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/7420558291425333525/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/on-this-day-in-1752-benjamin-franklin.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7420558291425333525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7420558291425333525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/on-this-day-in-1752-benjamin-franklin.html' title='Benjamin Franklin flies kite during thunderstorm'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rgh76PcKYEM/TfHE2A8sXjI/AAAAAAAAAKs/60d6_ask_68/s72-c/Franklin_lightning_engraving.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-297822293409095149</id><published>2011-06-09T15:36:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-09T15:37:56.827+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 9'/><title type='text'>Les Paul</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S4e68x-ezAc/TfDLYbXcthI/AAAAAAAAAKY/5XIeNlh6-dc/s1600/les-paul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="221" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S4e68x-ezAc/TfDLYbXcthI/AAAAAAAAAKY/5XIeNlh6-dc/s320/les-paul.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lester William Polsfuss&lt;/b&gt; (June 9, 1915 – August 12, 2009)&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lespaulonline.com_2-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-lespaulonline.com-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-monstersandcritics.com_3-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-monstersandcritics.com-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;—known as &lt;b&gt;Les Paul&lt;/b&gt;—was an American jazz and country guitarist, songwriter and inventor. He was a pioneer in the development of the solid-body electric guitar which "made the sound of rock and roll possible".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He is credited with many recording innovations. Although he was not the first to use the technique, his early experiments with overdubbing (also known as sound on sound),&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; delay effects such as tape delay, phasing effects and multitrack recording were among the first to attract widespread attention.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;His innovative talents extended into his playing style, including licks, trills, chording sequences, fretting techniques and timing, which set him apart from his contemporaries and inspired many guitarists of the present day.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Houston_7-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-Houston-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He recorded with his wife Mary Ford in the 1950s, and they sold millions of records.&lt;br /&gt;Among his many honors, Paul is one of a handful of artists with a permanent, stand-alone exhibit in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He is prominently named by the music museum on its website as an "architect" and a "key inductee" along with Sam Phillips and Alan Freed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Paul's innovative guitar, "The Log", built after-hours in the Epiphone guitar factory in 1940, was one of the first solid-body electric guitars.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Adolph Rickenbacker had marketed a solid-body guitar in the 1930s and Leo Fender also independently created his own in 1946. Although Paul approached the Gibson Guitar Corporation with his idea of a solid body electric guitar, they showed no interest until Fender began marketing its Esquire which later became known as the Telecaster models.&lt;br /&gt;The arrangement persisted until 1961, when declining sales prompted  Gibson to change the design without Paul's knowledge, creating a much  thinner, lighter and more aggressive-looking instrument with two cutaway  "horns" instead of one. Paul said he first saw the "new" Gibson Les  Paul in a music-store window, and disliked it. Although his contract  required him to pose with the guitar, he said it was not "his"  instrument and asked Gibson to remove his name from the headstock.  Others claimed that Paul ended his endorsement contract with Gibson  during his divorce to avoid having his wife get his endorsement money.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Gibson renamed the guitar "Gibson SG", which stands for "Solid Guitar", and it also became one of the company's best sellers.&lt;br /&gt;The original Gibson Les Paul-guitar design regained popularity when Eric Clapton began playing the instrument a few years later, although he also played an SG and an ES-335. Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson and endorsed the original Gibson Les Paul guitar from that point onwards.  His personal Gibson Les Pauls were much modified by him—Paul always  used his own self-wound pickups and customized methods of switching  between pickups on his guitars.  To this day, various models of Gibson Les Paul guitars are used all  over the world by both novice and professional guitarists. A  less-expensive version of the Gibson Les Paul guitar is also  manufactured for Gibson's lower-priced Epiphone brand.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4TBnbGFOsJY/TfDLj1JCW0I/AAAAAAAAAKc/b2PLkg7oHcg/s1600/Gibson_Les_Paul_%2528Deutsches_Museum%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4TBnbGFOsJY/TfDLj1JCW0I/AAAAAAAAAKc/b2PLkg7oHcg/s320/Gibson_Les_Paul_%2528Deutsches_Museum%2529.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;On January 30, 1962, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued Paul a patent, Patent No. 3,018,680, for an "Electrical Music Instrument."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On August 12, 2009,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lespaulonline.com_2-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-lespaulonline.com-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-monstersandcritics.com_3-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-monstersandcritics.com-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Paul died of complications from pneumonia at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-37"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His family and friends were by his side.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caine_38-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-Caine-38"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Paul is survived by his four children and his companion Arlene Palmer.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-39"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His attorney told the media Paul had been "in and out of the hospital" because of illness.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-40"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;His last concert took place a few weeks before his death.&lt;br /&gt;Upon learning of his death many artists and musicians paid tribute by  publicly expressing their sorrow. After learning of Paul's death,  former Guns N' Roses and current Velvet Revolver guitarist Slash called him "vibrant and full of positive energy.", while Richie Sambora, lead guitarist of Bon Jovi, referred to him as "revolutionary in the music business". U2 guitarist The Edge said, "His legacy as a musician and inventor will live on and his influence on rock and roll will never be forgotten." &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gathersnomoss_41-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-Gathersnomoss-41"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Slowtime_42-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-Slowtime-42"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-43"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On August 21, 2009, he was buried near Milwaukee in Waukesha, Wisconsin at Prairie Home Cemetery which indicated that his plot would be in an area where visitors can easily view it.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-44"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-45"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Like his funeral in New York on August 19, the burial was private, but  earlier in the day a public memorial viewing of the closed casket was  held in Milwaukee at Discovery World with 1,500 attendees who were offered free admission to the Les Paul House of Sound exhibit for the day.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tSQoJDGAgAo/TfDLvt8JEGI/AAAAAAAAAKg/ZR3ypttPMuw/s1600/_Publicity_photo_of_guitar_pioneer_Les_Paul%25285435763%2529_f436b041.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tSQoJDGAgAo/TfDLvt8JEGI/AAAAAAAAAKg/ZR3ypttPMuw/s200/_Publicity_photo_of_guitar_pioneer_Les_Paul%25285435763%2529_f436b041.jpg" width="162" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Les Paul&lt;/b&gt;, de nombre real &lt;b&gt;Lester William Polsfuss&lt;/b&gt; (Waukesha, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos, 9 de junio de 1915 - Nueva York, Estado de Nueva York, 13 de agosto de 2009), fue un guitarrista de jazz estadounidense y una de las más importantes figuras en el desarrollo de instrumentos musicales eléctricos y técnicas de grabación. Les Paul fue pionero en el desarrollo de las guitarras de cuerpo macizo con el diseño de los modelos Gibson Les Paul, que adoptaron su nombre, y en la grabación multipista.  Su destreza en el manejo de la guitarra y las innovaciones técnicas que  introdujo en el instrumento le hicieron ser conocido como «El mago de  Waukesha».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nació en Estados Unidos, hijo de George and Evelyn Polsfuss. Su  nombre de nacimiento fue principalmente simplificado por su madre a &lt;i&gt;Polfus&lt;/i&gt;,  antes que adquiriera su seudónimo. También fue conocido como "Red Hot  Red". Comenzó a interesarse por la música a la edad de 8 años, cuando  empezó a tocar la armónica. Después de intentar con el banjo, empezó a tocar la guitarra.  A los 13, Les Paul ya era semi-profesional como guitarrista de música  country. A los 17 tocó con Rube Tronson's Cowboys. Poco después dejó la  secundaria para unirse a Wolverton's Radio Band en St. Louis, Missouri en KMOX.&lt;br /&gt;En los años 1930, Les Paul trabajó en Chicago, Illinois en la radio, tocando música jazz. Realizó sus primeros dos discos en 1936. Uno fue acreditado a Rhubarb Red, y el otro fue como acompañante de la música de blues Georgia White.&lt;br /&gt;En enero de 1948 Les Paul sufrió un accidente automovilístico casi fatal en Oklahoma,  en el que se lesionó sus brazo y codo derechos. Los doctores dijeron  que no había manera de que recuperase el movimiento de su codo, y que su  brazo permanecería siempre en la posición en la que los médicos la  dejaran. Les Paul entonces les pidió a los cirujanos que ubicaran su  brazo con un ángulo tal que le permitiera sostener y tocar la guitarra.  Le tomó un año y medio recuperarse.&lt;br /&gt;Falleció el 13 de agosto de 2009 en el "White Plains Hospital" en Nueva York debido a complicaciones con una neumonía.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eJprwdsPTBg/TfDL_Kh1xLI/AAAAAAAAAKk/SxyvTElGigo/s1600/les+paul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eJprwdsPTBg/TfDL_Kh1xLI/AAAAAAAAAKk/SxyvTElGigo/s320/les+paul.jpg" width="268" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1941 Les Paul diseñó y construyó una de las primeras guitarras eléctricas de cuerpo macizo (Aunque Leo Fender, independientemente, también inventó la suya propia alrededor de la misma fecha y Adolph Rickenbacker había comercializado una también en los años 1930). Gibson Guitar Corporation  diseñó una guitarra incorporando las sugerencias de Les Paul a  principios de 1950 y se la presentó. Él estuvo lo suficientemente  impresionado como para firmar un contrato por lo que se convirtió  Rhubarb Redel modelo &lt;i&gt;Les Paul&lt;/i&gt; (originalmente, sólo en versión  "golden top"), y aceptó nunca volver a tocar en público ni ser  fotografiado con otra que no fuera una guitarra Gibson. Dicho trato persistió hasta 1961,  cuando Gibson cambió el diseño sin previa consulta a Les Paul, quien  dice que la primera vez que vio la nueva Gibson fue en una vidriera de  una tienda y que no le gustó. Aunque el contrato requería posar con la  guitarra, él dijo que no era "su" instrumento y pidió que su nombre le  fuera retirado a la misma. Gibson, entonces, renombró la guitarra "SG", a la vez que se convertía en uno de los best-sellers de la compañía.&lt;br /&gt;También se ha dicho que Les rompió su promoción con Gibson porque  estaba pasando por un divorcio y no quería que su esposa se quedara con  tal dinero. Más tarde, Les Paul retomó su relación con Gibson y la cual  siguió durante toda su vida. En la actualidad, la Gibson Les Paul se usa en todo el mundo tanto por novatos como por profesionales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-46"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul#cite_note-12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-297822293409095149?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/297822293409095149/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/les-paul.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/297822293409095149'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/297822293409095149'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/les-paul.html' title='Les Paul'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-S4e68x-ezAc/TfDLYbXcthI/AAAAAAAAAKY/5XIeNlh6-dc/s72-c/les-paul.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-5897096748685791074</id><published>2011-06-08T20:13:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-08T20:13:25.280+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 8'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=24683519001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=24683519001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;James Earl Ray,  an escaped American convict, is arrested in London, England, and  charged with the assassination of African American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On  4 April1968, King was fatally wounded by a sniper's bullet while  standing on the balcony outside his second-story room at the Motel  Lorraine in Memphis. That evening, a Remington .30-06 hunting rifle was  found on the sidewalk beside a rooming house one block from the Lorraine  Motel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the next several weeks, the rifle,  eyewitness reports, and fingerprints on the weapon all implicated a  single suspect: escaped convict James Earl Ray. A two-bit criminal, Ray  escaped a Missouri prison in April 1967 while serving a sentence for a  hold-up. In May 1968, a massive manhunt for Ray began. The FBI  eventually determined that he had obtained a Canadian passport under a  false identity, which at the time was relatively easy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On  8 June, Scotland Yard investigators arrested Ray at a London airport.  Ray was trying to fly to Belgium, with the eventual goal, he later  admitted, of reaching Rhodesia (now called Zimbabwe). Rhodesia was at  the time ruled by an oppressive and internationally condemned white  minority government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Extradited to the United States,  Ray stood before a Memphis judge in March 1969 and pleaded guilty to  King's murder in order to avoid the electric chair. He was sentenced to  99 years in prison. Three days later, he attempted to withdraw his  guilty plea, claiming he was innocent of King's assassination and had  been set up as a patsy in a larger conspiracy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He  claimed that in 1967, a mysterious man named "Raoul" had approached him  and recruited him into a gun-running enterprise. On 4 April 1968,  however, he realised that he was to be the fall guy for the King  assassination and fled for Canada. Ray's motion was denied, as were his  dozens of other requests for a trial during the next 29 years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the 1990s, the widow and children of Martin Luther King, Jr.,  spoke publicly in support of Ray and his claims, calling him innocent  and speculating about an assassination conspiracy involving the U.S.  government and military. U.S. authorities were, in conspiracists' minds,  implicated circumstantially.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FBI director J. Edgar Hoover  obsessed over King, who he thought was under communist influence. For  the last six years of his life, King underwent constant wiretapping and  harassment by the FBI. Before his death, Dr. King was also monitored by  U.S. military intelligence, who may have been called to watch over King  after he publicly denounced the Vietnam War  in 1967. Furthermore, by calling for radical economic reforms in 1968,  including guaranteed annual incomes for all, King was making few new  friends in the Cold War-era U.S. government.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over  the years, the assassination has been re-examined by the House Select  Committee on Assassinations, the Shelby County, Tennessee, district  attorney's office, and three times by the U.S. Justice Department. All  of these investigations have ended with the same conclusion: James Earl  Ray killed Martin Luther King, Jr. The House committee acknowledged that  a low-level conspiracy might have existed, involving one or more  accomplices to Ray, but uncovered no evidence definitively to prove this  theory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In addition to the mountain of evidence against  him, such as his fingerprints on the murder weapon and admitted  presence at the rooming house on 4 April, Ray had a definite motive in  assassinating King: hatred. According to his family and friends, he was  an outspoken racist who told them of his intent to kill King. Ray died  in 1998.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3aFmknUPYU/Te-7lp-UlbI/AAAAAAAAAKU/IothUD7-cfg/s1600/James_Earl_Ray_poster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3aFmknUPYU/Te-7lp-UlbI/AAAAAAAAAKU/IothUD7-cfg/s320/James_Earl_Ray_poster.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;James Earl Ray&lt;/b&gt; (10 de marzo de 1928, Alton (Estados Unidos) - 23 de abril de 1998) fue declarado culpable del asesinato de Martin Luther King, Jr, ocurrido el 4 de abril de 1968.&lt;br /&gt;James Earl Ray proviene de una familia pobre del oeste medio de EEUU.  Abandonó los estudios a los 15 años y sirvió al ejército en Alemania.  Después de varios delitos fue condenado a 20 años de prisión, por ser  un delincuente habitual. Su padre y hermanos también purgaron condenas  en prisión por actos delictivos.&lt;br /&gt;Empleó una ventana de baño frente al balcón del motel donde Martin  Luther King se encontraba para dispararle. Por las huellas en la escena  del crimen y el arma abandonada con sus huellas dactilares se determinó  su culpabilidad. Aunque después de juicio y condena pasó la vida  tratando de exculparse del asesinato.&lt;br /&gt;Ray fue arrestado en Londres el 8 de junio de 1968 por el asesinato de King el 4 de abril de 1968, y se declaró culpable en Memphis, Tennessee el 10 de marzo de 1969.&lt;br /&gt;En los dos meses entre el asesinato de Martin Luther King y su captura viajó por diferentes países entre Canadá, Portugal, Sudáfrica. Fue capturado en aeropuerto Heathrow de Londres empleando un pasaporte canadiense falso, cuando se encontraba en camino a Rodesia (entonces practicaba la segregación racial). El FBI determinó que en ese tiempo Ray gastó más de diez mil dólares en viajes.&lt;br /&gt;Se le condenó a cumplir 99 años de prisión, evitando así la  posibilidad de una pena de muerte, aunque era altamente improbable que  se le hubiera ejecutado aun cuando hubiese sido condenado a muerte. Ello  se basa en la decisión de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en  1972 en el caso de ' ' V Furman. Georgia ' '.&lt;br /&gt;Se retractó de su confesión durante los tres días posteriores a su  condena, y afirmaba que una persona con el alias 'Raoul' estaba  implicada, como su hermano Johny, pero no él mismo.&lt;br /&gt;En una entrevista concedida a la revista Playboy (&lt;i&gt;in depth&lt;/i&gt;  = a fondo) a inicios de 1970s acepta someterse a un examen de detector  de mentiras; la revista publicó junto con la entrevista el resultado del  examen, el cual fue positivo, aunque carecía de valor legal.&lt;br /&gt;Ray y otros seis convictos se escaparon de la prisión Estatal Brushy Mountain en Petros, Tennessee el 10 de junio de 1977,  poco después de que Ray testificase que no disparó a King en la House  Select Committee on Assassinations, pero fue encarcelado nuevamente el 13 de junio y devuelto a prisión. Por dicho intento de evasión se le aumentó la condena alcanzando 100 años.&lt;br /&gt;Ray murió a causa de complicaciones relacionadas con una enfermedad renal, provocada por la hepatitis C. La hepatitis C la contrajo probablemente como resultado de una transfusión de sangre, tras recibir una puñalada mientras se encontraba en la Prisión Estatal de Mountain Brushy.&lt;br /&gt;En 1997, Dexter King,  hijo de Martin Luther King, se encontró con Ray, y públicamente le dio  apoyo para conseguir un juicio justo. Lloyd Jowers fue llevado a un  tribunal civil procesado como parte de una conspiración para asesinar a Martin Luther King.  Jowers se declaró culpable, y la familia de King se otorgó cien dólares  como retribución, señal que demostraba que no estaban allí por razones  económicas. El Dr. William Pepper luchó como abogado de James Earl Ray  hasta su muerte, y entonces continuó en beneficio de la familia King. La  familia de King no cree que Ray tuviera algo que ver con el asesinato  de Martin Luther King&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-5897096748685791074?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/5897096748685791074/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/james-earl-ray-escaped-american-convict.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5897096748685791074'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5897096748685791074'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/james-earl-ray-escaped-american-convict.html' title=''/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A3aFmknUPYU/Te-7lp-UlbI/AAAAAAAAAKU/IothUD7-cfg/s72-c/James_Earl_Ray_poster.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-4572572323431414097</id><published>2011-06-07T12:17:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-07T12:24:01.823+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 7'/><title type='text'>Prince</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uQPAFAFSF1w/Te344FDd56I/AAAAAAAAAKM/2kQSX5FNszQ/s1600/princeee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="187" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uQPAFAFSF1w/Te344FDd56I/AAAAAAAAAKM/2kQSX5FNszQ/s200/princeee.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prince Rogers Nelson&lt;/b&gt; (born June 7, 1958), better known as simply &lt;b&gt;Prince&lt;/b&gt;, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He has been known under the unpronounceable symbol, which he used between 1993 and 2000. During that period he was frequently referred to in the media as "&lt;b&gt;The Artist Formerly Known as Prince&lt;/b&gt;", often abbreviated to "&lt;b&gt;TAFKAP&lt;/b&gt;", or simply "&lt;b&gt;The Artist&lt;/b&gt;".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prince has so far produced ten platinum albums and thirty Top 40 singles during his career, to date.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-books.google.com_1-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-books.google.com-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  Prince founded his own recording studio and label; writing,  self-producing and playing most, or all, of the instruments on his  recordings.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-books.google.com_1-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-books.google.com-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, Prince has been a "talent promoter" for the careers of Sheila E., Carmen Electra, The Time and Vanity 6,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-books.google.com_1-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-books.google.com-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and has written songs for these artists and others (including Chaka Khan, The Bangles, and Sinéad O'Connor).&lt;br /&gt;Prince also has several hundred unreleased songs in his "vault".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Allmusic_Prince_Bio_2-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-Allmusic_Prince_Bio-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He has won seven Grammy Awards,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; a Golden Globe,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and an Academy Award.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, the first year he was eligible.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rolling Stone&lt;/i&gt; has ranked Prince #27 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rollingstone2004_7-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-rollingstone2004-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prince's music has been influenced by rock, R&amp;amp;B, soul, funk, rap, blues, New Wave, electronica, disco, psychedelia, folk, jazz, and pop.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-books.google.com_1-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-books.google.com-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His artistic influences include Sly &amp;amp; the Family Stone, Parliament-Funkadelic, Joni Mitchell, The Beatles, Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Miles Davis, Carlos Santana,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Allmusic_Prince_Bio_2-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-Allmusic_Prince_Bio-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Jimi Hendrix, James Brown, Duke Ellington,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Curtis Mayfield,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and Stevie Wonder.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Prince pioneered the "Minneapolis sound", a hybrid mixture of funk, rock, pop, R&amp;amp;B and New Wave that has influenced many other musicians.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_%28musician%29#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prince has a wide vocal range and is known for his flamboyant stage presence and costumes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://3.gvt0.com/vi/vE3Iw4ZLtIM/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/vE3Iw4ZLtIM&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/vE3Iw4ZLtIM&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prince Rogers Nelson (Minneapolis, Estados Unidos, 7 de junio de 1958),conocido como Prince, cantante y compositor estadounidense.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En 1978 grabó su primer disco, For You, en el que todas las canciones  están compuestas por él y toca todos los instrumentos que se escuchan en  el disco. Amante de los cócteles musicales más variopintos, se  convirtió en la gran esperanza de la música negra tras su disco Prince  (1979).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entre sus numerosas grabaciones también destacan: Dirty Mind (1980);  Controversy (1981); 1999 (1982); Purple Rain (1984), banda sonora de la  película; Around the World in a Day (1985); Parade (1986); Sign ‘O’ the  Times (1987); Lovesexy (1988); Batman (1989), banda sonora de la  película del mismo título; Graffitti Bridge (1990), disco de una  película escrita, dirigida y protagonizada por él; Diamonds and Pearls  (1990); Symbol (1992); The Hits / The B - Sides (1993), álbum  recopilatorio; Come (1994); The Gold Experience (1995); Chaos And  Disorder (1996); Emancipation (1996) y The Rainbow Children (2001), en  las cuales combinó el funk con la psicodelia, el rock and roll y el pop.  Más tarde lanzó "Musicology" (2004)que llegó al nº 3 tanto en Estados  Unidos como en Gran Bretaña. En el 2006 lanzó su último largo, "3121"  (2006) que alcanzó en la primera semana el nº1 de albumes según  Billboard.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ha publicado diversos trabajos bajo los pseudónimos de Jamie Starr, Joey  Coco, Alexander Nevermind y Christopher. Por problemas contractuales  (que frustraron la publicación de su disco The Black Album), en 1992  adoptó un símbolo mezcla de «femenino» y «masculino» (Love Symbol). Más  tarde el público empezaría a definirle como The Artist ante la ausencia  de un nombre pronunciable verbalmente. Sólo al finalizar contrato con la  Warner Bros. (2000) volvió a usar su seudónimo de Prince.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uno de los más controvertidos músicos de rock de los años 1980 gracias a  su imagen provocativa y fantasiosa, Prince ha sintetizado las  principales innovaciones en la música pop de origen negro desde Jimi  Hendrix.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Los últimos años en la Warner. Independencia y marginación en los medios&lt;br /&gt;En 1991 colaboró en la composición de algunas canciones para el álbum  Martika’s Kitchen de la cantante Martika. Al año siguiente vino su album  conocido como "Symbol" que ya adelantaría su cambio de nombre (Prince)  por el de un símbolo (algo parecido a O)+&amp;gt; ), rara fusión entre el  masculino y el femenino. Esto ocurrió en 1992. De este álbum caben  destacar la canción "My name is Prince", premonitoria a la postre, en la  que ya anunciaba que volvería a ponerse el nombre de Prince como hizo a  partir del 2000, cuando finalizó su contrato legal con la Warner Bros.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Después apareció el disco recopilatorio de sus 15 años de carrera "The  Hits / The B - Sides" (1993). Más tarde vinieron "Come" (1994), "The  Gold Experience" (1995)" y "Chaos and Disorder" (1996), el que fuera  quizás su disco más rock hasta la fecha, si bien carecía de la  inspiración compositiva de otras incursiones suyas en este género. Ese  mismo año lanzó el sólido triple álbum "Emancipation" (1996), fuera de  la órbita de la Warner que, al parecer, no le permitía sacar todo el  material que Prince producía, con la consabida rebelión del músico que  por esas fechas salía en todas sus apariciones públicas con la palabra  "esclavo". Este disco lo sacó mediante un acuerdo de distribución con  EMI - Odeon y para ser un triple se comportó realmente bien en las  listas de ventas con singles como "Betcha by Golly Wow!", "The Holy  River" o "Emancipation".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A partir de 1997, Prince sufrió una serie de boicots por parte de la  Warner que, en venganza por el desplante propinado por Prince en su  contrato que duraba hasta el 31 de Diciembre de 1999, presionó a las  compañías con las que Prince intentaba llegar a acuerdos puntuales y no  de "esclavitud", como él los llamaba.&lt;br /&gt;Así presionó a la cadena MTV para que no le editara un disco acústico de  temas inéditos que iba a tener su correspondiente Unplugged, presionó  para que no se pudiera estrenar una obra de ballet que estaba preparando  Prince para el mayor teatro de Nueva York y otra serie de eventos. La  empresa ganó esas batallas y Prince se vio obligado a vivir de  conciertos (bastante grandes eso sí, siempre rondando los 15.000  espectadores) y de las ventas de sus fans más acérrimos.&lt;br /&gt;Todo ello, unido a la muerte de su hijo, Boy Gregory, que tuvo con su  ex-esposa Mayte García (bailarina y cantante), que se produjo a los  pocos días de nacer, hizo que Prince tuviera importantes problemas  sentimentales y anímicos. En este contexto, alejado de las listas de  éxito y del reconocimiento público (los críticos alentados por la Warner  para que ningún músico más tomara ejemplo de Prince a la hora de  intentar tomar el control sobre su obra, se cebaron con él en esa época y  obviaron toda la realidad que había detrás del alejamiento de Prince de  los medios de comunicación de masas, diciendo cosas como que estaba  "muerto" artísticamente y que había perdido todo su genio). Finalmente,  en ese contexto sacó el "Crystal Ball" (1997), el "New Power Soul"  (1998) y el maravilloso y monumental "The Rainbow Children" (2001),  álbum que fue aclamado por la comunidad de músicos e instrumentistas por  lo sabio de la mezcla de estilos y la producción rica en texturas del  disco, que era una obra conceptual a modo de rock sinfónico de los '70  con grupos como Genesis o King Crimson pero con un sonido  jazz-soul-funk.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hw873gVK-dQ/Te36UktE5jI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/jyw6x-skBt4/s1600/Prince-logo.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hw873gVK-dQ/Te36UktE5jI/AAAAAAAAAKQ/jyw6x-skBt4/s1600/Prince-logo.gif" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-4572572323431414097?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/4572572323431414097/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/prince.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4572572323431414097'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4572572323431414097'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/prince.html' title='Prince'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uQPAFAFSF1w/Te344FDd56I/AAAAAAAAAKM/2kQSX5FNszQ/s72-c/princeee.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-4048741583554558234</id><published>2011-06-06T16:40:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-06T16:40:23.260+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 6'/><title type='text'>6 June 1944 : D-Day</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TwfmRK8Bx3Y/TezmXGqi11I/AAAAAAAAAKI/rBvumqpcS4U/s1600/Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="306" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TwfmRK8Bx3Y/TezmXGqi11I/AAAAAAAAAKI/rBvumqpcS4U/s400/Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;On this day in 1944, Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower gives the go-ahead for largest amphibious military operation in history: Operation Overlord, code named D-Day, the Allied invasion of northern France.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By daybreak, 18,000 British and American parachutists were already on  the ground. At 6:30 a.m., American troops came ashore at Utah and Omaha  beaches. At Omaha, the U.S. First Division battled high seas, mist,  mines, burning vehicles and German coastal batteries, including an elite  infantry division, which spewed heavy fire. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Many wounded  Americans ultimately drowned in the high tide. British divisions, which  landed at Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches, and Canadian troops also met  with heavy German fire, but by the end of the day they were able to push  inland. Despite the German resistance, Allied casualties overall were  relatively light. The United States and Britain each lost about 1,000  men, and Canada 355. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before the day was over, 155,000 Allied  troops would be in Normandy. However, the United States managed to get  only half of the 14,000 vehicles and a quarter of the 14,500 tons of  supplies they intended on shore. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Three factors were decisive  in the success of the Allied invasion. First, German counterattacks were  firm but sparse, enabling the Allies to create a broad bridgehead, or  advanced position, from which they were able to build up enormous troop  strength. Second, Allied air cover, which destroyed bridges over the  Seine, forced the Germans to suffer long detours, and naval gunfire  proved decisive in protecting the invasion troops. Thirdly, division and  confusion within the German ranks as to where the invasion would start  and how best to defend their position helped the Allies. Hitler,  convinced another invasion was coming the next day east of the Seine  River, had refused to allow reserves to be pulled from that area.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of Britain's Twenty-first  Army Group (but under the overall command of General Eisenhower, for  whom Montgomery, and his ego, proved a perennial thorn in the side),  often claimed later that the invasion had come off exactly as planned.  That was a boast, as evidenced by the failure to take Caen on the first  day, as scheduled. While the operation was a decided success,  considering the number of troops put ashore and light casualties,  improvisation by courageous and quick-witted commanders also played an  enormous role. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The D-Day invasion has been the basis for  several movies, from 'The Longest Day' (1962), which boasted an all-star  cast that included Richard Burton, Sean Connery, John Wayne,  Robert Mitchum and Fabian, to 'Saving Private Ryan' (1998), which  includes some of the most grippingly realistic war scenes ever filmed,  captured in the style of the famous Robert Capa still photos of the  actual invasion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QVaYe1-1KvI/TezlO7OCXdI/AAAAAAAAAKE/QV7v3C42fCk/s1600/1944_NormandyLST.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="301" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QVaYe1-1KvI/TezlO7OCXdI/AAAAAAAAAKE/QV7v3C42fCk/s400/1944_NormandyLST.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;El término &lt;b&gt;día D&lt;/b&gt; (traducción del inglés &lt;i&gt;D-Day&lt;/i&gt;) lo utilizan genéricamente los militares para indicar el día en que se debe iniciar un ataque o una operación de combate. Históricamente, se utiliza el término &lt;b&gt;día D&lt;/b&gt; para referirse al 6 de junio de 1944, día en el que comenzó a ejecutarse la denominada Operación Overlord. Dicha operación consistía en llevar a cabo el desembarco de Normandía, aunque comenzó de madrugada, con el lanzamiento de miembros de las divisiones aerotransportadas estadounidenses 101ª y 82ª  y de la 6ª división aerotransportada británica, que trataron de  neutralizar parte de la barrera defensiva alemana para facilitar el  desembarco. Este día, en que las tropas aliadas se adentraron en la  costa francesa, marcó el inicio de la liberación de la Europa occidental ocupada por la Alemania nazi durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La &lt;b&gt;Batalla de Normandía&lt;/b&gt; en 1944, denominada en clave &lt;b&gt;Operación Overlord&lt;/b&gt;, fue la invasión de Europa, llevada a cabo por los Aliados en el noroeste de Francia, entonces ocupada por la Alemania nazi. El desembarco, denominado en clave &lt;b&gt;Operación Neptuno&lt;/b&gt; como parte de la Operación Overlord, fue ejecutado por las fuerzas aliadas en la II Guerra Mundial.  El esfuerzo aliado se concentró en desembarcar en Europa un ejército  que, después de liberar Francia, llegara hasta el mismo corazón del Tercer Reich. Los preparativos de la operación Overlord se iniciaron en Gran Bretaña.&lt;br /&gt;En 1943 el principal escenario de operaciones aliado estaba en Italia, así que la proyectada invasión tuvo que posponerse otro año más ante las reiteradas protestas de Stalin,  que abogaba por la apertura de un “segundo frente” en Europa que  comprometiese a más tropas alemanas en el Oeste y aliviase la situación  de la Unión Soviética.&lt;br /&gt;En 1944 la Wehrmacht tenía diseminadas a sus fuerzas en una gran guerra de varios frentes: se había perdido África ante los Aliados, que luego habían saltado a Sicilia y de allí al resto de Italia, donde se libraban fuertes combates. En el frente del Este la situación era desesperada ante el irresistible empuje del Ejército Rojo, que ya estaba llegando a Polonia.&lt;br /&gt;La Operación Overlord involucraba al grueso de los ejércitos  estadounidense e imperial británico, apoyados por tropas auxiliares  francesas, polacas y de otras nacionalidades, para asaltar las playas de  Normandía, por medio de desembarcos anfibios.&lt;br /&gt;Originalmente la misión iba a comenzar el día 5 de junio pero debido a inclemencias meteorológicas se debió trasladar al siguiente día. En la madrugada del 6 de junio diez divisiones estadounidenses, británicas y canadienses pusieron pie entre el río Orne y el Vire.  Aunque no se lograron todos los objetivos previstos y se conquistó  muchísimo menos terreno que el esperado, se instalaron sólidas cabezas  de puente donde a lo largo de los siguientes días desembarcarían 250.000  hombres y 50.000 vehículos. Se desarrolló desde el 6 de junio (Día D) hasta el 25 de agosto (Liberación de París). Después de 68 años, el desembarco  de Normandía continúa siendo la mayor operación de invasión por mar en  la historia, ya que casi tres millones de soldados cruzaron el canal de la Mancha desde Gran Bretaña a la región de Normandía en la Francia ocupada.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-4048741583554558234?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/4048741583554558234/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/6-june-1944-d-day.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4048741583554558234'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/4048741583554558234'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/6-june-1944-d-day.html' title='6 June 1944 : D-Day'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TwfmRK8Bx3Y/TezmXGqi11I/AAAAAAAAAKI/rBvumqpcS4U/s72-c/Seconde-guerre-mondiale-debarquement-LCVP-6juin1944.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-5341233424029103013</id><published>2011-06-05T16:57:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-05T16:58:23.066+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 5'/><title type='text'>Federico García Lorca ( Español)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LxUECpvho-M/TeuWiaABLcI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/Z_hneFeD8Ds/s1600/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LxUECpvho-M/TeuWiaABLcI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/Z_hneFeD8Ds/s320/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg" width="290" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;(&lt;a href="http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-english.html"&gt;English&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Federico García Lorca&lt;/b&gt; (Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, 5 de junio de 1898 – entre Víznar y Alfacar, ibídem, 19 de agosto de 1936) fue un poeta, dramaturgo y prosista español, también conocido por su destreza en muchas otras artes. Adscrito a la llamada Generación del 27, es el poeta de mayor influencia y popularidad de la literatura española del siglo XX. Como dramaturgo, se le considera una de las cimas del teatro español del siglo XX, junto con Valle-Inclán y Buero Vallejo.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Biograf.C3.ADa"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Biograf.C3.ADa"&gt;Biografía&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;Nació en el municipio de Fuente Vaqueros, Granada (España), en el seno de una familia de posición económica desahogada, el 5 de junio de 1898, y fue bautizado con el nombre de &lt;i&gt;Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca&lt;/i&gt;; su padre fue Federico García Rodríguez, un hacendado, y su madre, Vicenta Lorca es la segunda mujer de su padre&amp;nbsp; , maestra de escuela que fomentó el gusto literario de su hijo.&lt;br /&gt;Desde los 2 años, según uno de sus biógrafos, Edwin Honig,  Federico García Lorca mostró su habilidad para aprender canciones  populares, y a muy tierna edad escenificaba en miniatura oficios  religiosos. Su salud fue frágil y no empezó a caminar hasta los cuatro  años. Leyó en su casa la obra de Víctor Hugo y de Miguel de Cervantes. Como estudiante fue algo irregular. De niño lo pusieron bajo la tutela del maestro Rodríguez Espinosa, en Almería, ciudad en la que residió con su familia entre 1906 y 1909. Inició el bachillerato de vuelta a su provincia natal y abandonó la Facultad de Derecho de Granada para instalarse en la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid (1918–1928); pasado un tiempo, regresó a la Universidad de Granada, donde se licenció en Derecho, aunque nunca ejerció la abogacía, puesto que su vocación era la literatura.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;La ubicación meridional de Granada, donde se encontraba viva la herencia mora, el folclore, el oriente y una geografía agreste, quedó impresa en toda su obra poética, donde los romanceros y la épica se funden de manera perceptible. Después de su madre, fue Fernando de los Ríos quien estimuló el talento del entonces pianista en favor de la poesía; así, en 1917 escribió su primer artículo sobre José Zorrilla, en su aniversario.&lt;br /&gt;La España de García Lorca era la de la Edad de Plata, heredera de la Generación del 98, con una rica vida intelectual donde los nombres de Francisco Giner de los Ríos, Benito Pérez Galdós, Miguel de Unamuno y, poco después, Salvador de Madariaga y José Ortega y Gasset imprimían el sello distintivo de una crítica contra la realidad de España.&lt;br /&gt;Influyeron, además, en la sensibilidad del poeta en formación Lope de Vega, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Antonio Machado, Manuel Machado, Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Azorín y el &lt;i&gt;Cancionero popular&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Juventud_y_primeras_obras"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Juventud_y_primeras_obras"&gt;Juventud y primeras obras&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;En 1918 publicó su primer libro &lt;i&gt;Impresiones y paisajes&lt;/i&gt;, costeado por su padre. En 1920 se estrenó en teatro su obra &lt;i&gt;El maleficio de la mariposa&lt;/i&gt;, en 1921 se publicó &lt;i&gt;Libro de poemas&lt;/i&gt;, y en 1923 se pusieron en escena las comedias de títeres &lt;i&gt;La niña que riega la Albahaca&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;El príncipe preguntón&lt;/i&gt;. En 1927, en Barcelona, expuso su primera muestra pictórica.&lt;br /&gt;En esta época frecuentó activamente a los poetas de su generación que permanecen en España, en torno a la Residencia de Estudiantes: Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Gerardo Diego, Dámaso Alonso, Rafael Alberti, y sobre todo Buñuel y Dalí, a quien después le dedicó la &lt;i&gt;Oda a Salvador Dalí&lt;/i&gt;. El pintor, por su parte, pintó los decorados del primer drama del granadino: &lt;i&gt;Mariana Pineda&lt;/i&gt;. En 1928 publicó la revista literaria &lt;i&gt;Gallo&lt;/i&gt;, de la cual salieron solamente dos números.&lt;br /&gt;En 1929 marchó a Nueva York. Para entonces se habían publicado, además de los antes mencionados, sus libros &lt;i&gt;Canciones&lt;/i&gt; (1927) y &lt;i&gt;Primer romancero gitano&lt;/i&gt; (1928). Esta última es su obra más popular y accesible. A García le molestaba mucho que el público lo viera como gitano.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Viaje_a_Nueva_York"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Viaje_a_Nueva_York"&gt;Viaje a Nueva York&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;De su viaje y estancia en Nueva York surge el libro &lt;i&gt;Poeta en Nueva York&lt;/i&gt;. En 1930 fue a La Habana, donde escribió parte de sus obras &lt;i&gt;Así que pasen cinco años&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;El público&lt;/i&gt;. Ese año regresó a España, donde fue recibido en Madrid con la noticia de que su farsa popular &lt;i&gt;La zapatera prodigiosa&lt;/i&gt; se estaba escenificando.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kPm1lpH7B6w/TeuYpH9L-nI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/WRluOoJsDUU/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kPm1lpH7B6w/TeuYpH9L-nI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/WRluOoJsDUU/s200/4.jpg" width="186" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Lorca y Dalí&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="La_Segunda_Rep.C3.BAblica_y_.C2.ABLa_barraca.C2.BB"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="La_Segunda_Rep.C3.BAblica_y_.C2.ABLa_barraca.C2.BB"&gt;La Segunda República y «La barraca»&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;Al instaurarse la Segunda República española, Fernando de los Ríos fue nombrado Ministro de Instrucción Pública. Bajo el patrocinio oficial, se encargó a Lorca la co-dirección de la compañía estatal de teatro «La Barraca», donde disfrutó de todos los recursos para producir, dirigir, escribir y adaptar algunas obras teatrales del Siglo de Oro español. Escribió en este período &lt;i&gt;Bodas de sangre&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Yerma&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;Doña Rosita la soltera&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;En 1933 viajó a la Argentina de la Década Infame para promover la puesta en escena de algunas de sus obras por la compañía teatral de Lola Membrives y para dictar una serie de conferencias, siendo su estancia un éxito: a manera de ejemplo, su puesta de &lt;i&gt;La dama boba&lt;/i&gt; —durante años olvidada, descubierta, editada y reeditada por la Universidad de La Rioja —, de Lope de Vega, atrajo a más de sesenta mil personas. Co-fundador el 11 de febrero de 1933 de la Asociación de Amigos de la Unión Soviética, creada en unos tiempos en que la derecha sostenía un tono condenatorio en relación a los relatos sobre las conquistas y los problemas del socialismo en la URSS. Entre este año y 1936 escribió &lt;i&gt;Diván de Tamarit&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías&lt;/i&gt;, que conmovió al mundo hispano, &lt;i&gt;La casa de Bernarda Alba&lt;/i&gt; y trabajaba ya en &lt;i&gt;La destrucción de Sodoma&lt;/i&gt; cuando estalló la Guerra Civil española.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Guerra_Civil_y_asesinato"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Guerra_Civil_y_asesinato"&gt;Guerra Civil y asesinato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;Colombia y México,  cuyos embajadores previeron que el poeta pudiera ser víctima de un  atentado debido a su puesto de funcionario de la República, le  ofrecieron el exilio, pero Lorca rechazó las ofertas y se dirigió a su casa en Granada para pasar el verano.&lt;br /&gt;En esos momentos políticos alguien le preguntó sobre su preferencia  política y él manifestó que se sentía a su vez católico, comunista,  anarquista, libertario, tradicionalista y monárquico. De hecho nunca se  afilió a ninguna de las facciones políticas y jamás discriminó o se  distanció de ninguno de sus amigos, por ninguna cuestión política. Tuvo  una gran amistad con el líder y fundador de la Falange Española, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, muy aficionado a la poesía. El propio Lorca decía de él:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;...José Antonio. Otro  buen chico. ¿Sabes que todos los viernes ceno con él? Solemos salir  juntos en un taxi con las cortinillas bajadas, porque ni a él le  conviene que le vean conmigo ni a mí me conviene que me vean con él.&lt;/div&gt;Se sentía, como él lo dijo en una entrevista a &lt;i&gt;El Sol&lt;/i&gt; de Madrid poco antes de su muerte, íntegramente español.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;Yo soy español integral y  me sería imposible vivir fuera de mis límites geográficos; pero odio al  que es español por ser español nada más, yo soy hermano de todos y  execro al hombre que se sacrifica por una idea nacionalista, abstracta,  por el sólo hecho de que ama a su patria con una venda en los ojos. El  chino bueno está más cerca de mí que el español malo. Canto a España y  la siento hasta la médula, pero antes que esto soy hombre del mundo y  hermano de todos. Desde luego no creo en la frontera política.&lt;sup&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilidad" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilidad"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Tras una denuncia anónima, el 16 de agosto de 1936 fue detenido en la casa de uno de sus amigos, el también poeta Luis Rosales, quien obtuvo la promesa de las autoridades &lt;i&gt;nacionales&lt;/i&gt; de que sería puesto en libertad &lt;i&gt;«si no existía denuncia en su contra»&lt;/i&gt;. La orden de ejecución fue dada por el gobernador civil de Granada, José Valdés Guzmán, quien había ordenado al ex diputado de la CEDA Ramón Ruiz Alonso la detención del poeta.&lt;br /&gt;Las últimas investigaciones, como la de Manuel Titos Martínez, determinan que fue fusilado la madrugada del 18 de agosto de 1936,  seguramente por cuestiones territoriales, ya que algunos caciques, muy  conservadores, tenían rencor al padre de Lorca porque era un cacique progresista. En una entrevista al diario &lt;i&gt;El Sol&lt;/i&gt; había declarado que «&lt;i&gt;en Granada se agita la peor burguesía de España&lt;/i&gt;», y eso fue su sentencia de muerte. Federico García Lorca fue ejecutado en el camino que va de Víznar a Alfacar,  y su cuerpo permanece enterrado en una fosa común anónima en algún  lugar de esos parajes con el cadáver de un maestro nacional, Dióscoro  Galindo, y los de los banderilleros Francisco Galadí y Joaquín Arcollas,  ejecutados con él. La fosa se encuentra en el paraje de Fuente Grande,  en el municipio de Alfacar, provincia de Granada (España). El escritor,  autor del "Romancero Gitano" fue ejecutado por ser republicano y  homosexual, considerado en esa época como un delito imperdonable.&lt;br /&gt;H. G. Wells envía el siguiente despacho a las autoridades militares de Granada:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;H. G. Wells, presidente  Pen Club de Londres, desea con ansiedad noticias de su distinguido  colega Federico García Lorca, y apreciará grandemente la cortesía de una  respuesta.&lt;/div&gt;cuya respuesta fue la siguiente:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;Coronel gobernador de Granada a H. G. Wells.—Ignoro lugar hállase D. Federico García Lorca.—Firmado: Coronel Espinosa.&lt;/div&gt;Después de su muerte se publicaron &lt;i&gt;Primeras canciones&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Amor de Don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín&lt;/i&gt;. Antonio Machado escribió el poema "El crimen fue en Granada" en 1937 al tema de la muerte de Lorca.&lt;br /&gt;En 2009, en aplicación de la ley para la recuperación de la memoria histórica aprobada por el gobierno de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, se decide abrir la fosa donde supuestamente descansaban los restos del poeta. Aun así, no se encontró nada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hwDibSWwRYk/TeuY_AGFqwI/AAAAAAAAAKA/_iDgw5to1o8/s1600/Federico_Garcia_Lorca_Firma.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="227" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hwDibSWwRYk/TeuY_AGFqwI/AAAAAAAAAKA/_iDgw5to1o8/s320/Federico_Garcia_Lorca_Firma.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-5341233424029103013?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/5341233424029103013/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-espanol.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5341233424029103013'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5341233424029103013'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-espanol.html' title='Federico García Lorca ( Español)'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LxUECpvho-M/TeuWiaABLcI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/Z_hneFeD8Ds/s72-c/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-2877412626839205427</id><published>2011-06-05T16:44:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-05T16:59:15.653+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 5'/><title type='text'>Federico García Lorca ( English)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8melLqwZYBc/TeuRcrNqBQI/AAAAAAAAAJo/TlR1hat6Ukc/s1600/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8melLqwZYBc/TeuRcrNqBQI/AAAAAAAAAJo/TlR1hat6Ukc/s320/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg" width="290" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;a href="http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-espanol.html"&gt;Español&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Federico García Lorca&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (&lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre  director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an  emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death.  The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation  of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Early_years"&gt;Early years&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;García Lorca was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town a few miles west of Granada, southern Spain.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerix_6-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerix-6"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;His  father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez, was a landowner with a farm in the  fertile vega surrounding Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of  the city. Rodriguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar  industry. García Lorca's mother, Vincenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher  and gifted pianist. In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to  the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the  importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing  in the country.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerix_6-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerix-6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended  Sacred Heart University. During this time his studies included law,  literature and composition. Throughout his adolescence he felt a deeper  affinity for theatre and music than literature, training fully as a  classical pianist, his first artistic inspirations arising from the  scores of Debussy, Chopin and Beethoven. Later, with his friendship with composer Manuel de Falla  Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not begin a career  in writing until his piano teacher died in 1916 and his first prose  works such as "Nocturne", "Ballade" and "Sonata" drew on musical forms.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  His milieu of young artists gathered in El Rinconcillo at the cafe  Alameda in Granada. During 1916 and 1917, García Lorca traveled  throughout Castile, Léon, and Galicia, in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang="es"&gt;Impresiones y Paisajes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Impressions and Landscapes&lt;/i&gt; – published 1918). Don Ferdnando de los Rios persuaded García Lorca's parents to allow the boy to enrol at the progressive, Oxbridge-inspired Residencia de estudiantes in Madrid in 1919.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_young_writer"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_young_writer"&gt;As a young writer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;At the Residencia de estudiantes in Madrid García Lorca befriended Manuel de Falla, Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; He was taken under the wing of the poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, becoming close to playwright Eduardo Marquina and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, &lt;i&gt;El maleficio de la mariposa (The Butterfly's Evil Spell)&lt;/i&gt;.  It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach  and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was  laughed off stage by an unappreciative public after only four  performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going  public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that &lt;i&gt;Mariana Pineda&lt;/i&gt;,  written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During the time at the  Residencia de estudiantes he pursued degrees in law and philosophy  though he had more interest in writing than study.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-4"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;García Lorca's first book of poems was published in 1921, collecting  work written from 1918 and selected with the help of his brother  Francisco. They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation and  nature that had filled his prose reflections.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxi_8-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxi-8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Early in 1922 at Granada García Lorca joined the composer Manuel de Falla in order to promote the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a festival dedicated to enhance flamenco performance. The year before Lorca had begun to write his &lt;i&gt;Poema del cante jondo&lt;/i&gt; (Poem of the deep song, not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of flamenco,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and began to speak publicly in support of the &lt;i&gt;Concurso&lt;/i&gt;. At the music festival in June he met the celebrated Manuel Torre,  a flamenco cantaor. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with  Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children,  adapted by Lorca from an Andalucian story.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as "Deep song", his collection &lt;i&gt;Suites&lt;/i&gt; (1923) was never finished and not published until 1983.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxi_8-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxi-8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1iQrwGeAJs8/TeuTQnxVoII/AAAAAAAAAJw/FA6kP_p2Rr0/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1iQrwGeAJs8/TeuTQnxVoII/AAAAAAAAAJw/FA6kP_p2Rr0/s200/4.jpg" width="186" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"&gt;Lorca and Dalí&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Over the next few years García Lorca became increasingly involved in  Spain's avant-garde. He published poetry collections including &lt;i&gt;Canciones&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Songs&lt;/i&gt;) and &lt;i&gt;Romancero Gitano&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Gypsy Ballads&lt;/i&gt;, 1928), which became his best known book of poetry.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxii_12-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxii-12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were  still being told through out the Spanish countryside. Philologists such  as Ramón Menéndez Pidal  worked with him to collect versions from the south, many in existence  since the middle ages. García Lorca describes the work as a "carved  altar piece" of Andalusia with "gypsies, horses, archangels, planets,  its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the  smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of Córdoba. A book  that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden  Andalusia trembles".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxii_12-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxii-12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world,  and he only gained notability as a playwright much later. For the rest  of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce  culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the  "picturesque" or the cliched use of "local colour".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiii_13-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiii-13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;br /&gt;His second play &lt;i&gt;Mariana Pineda&lt;/i&gt;, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerx_7-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerx-7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play &lt;i&gt;The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife&lt;/i&gt;  which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about  fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife  and a hen-pecked shoemaker.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;From 1925 to 1928 he was passionately involved with Dalí.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-14"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; but Dalí (decades later) rejected the erotic advances of the poet.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-conversations_16-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-conversations-16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; With the success of "Gypsy Ballads", came an estrangement from Dali and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor Emilio Soriano Aladrén.  These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by  his anguish over his homosexuality. He felt he was trapped between the  persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in  public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could only  acknowledge in private. He also had the sense that he was being  pigeon-holed as a "gypsy poet". He wrote "The gypsies are a theme. And  nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or  hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of  an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I’m  not. I don't want to be typecast".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiii_13-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiii-13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film &lt;i&gt;Un Chien Andalou&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;An Andalusian Dog&lt;/i&gt;). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-17"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala.  Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García  Lorca's family arranged for him to take a lengthy visit to the United  States in 1929–30.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to America with Fernando de los Rios on the SS Olympic, a sister liner to the Titanic. &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca studied at Columbia University School of General Studies,  funded by his parents. He studied English but as before, was more  absorbed by writing than study. He also spent time in Vermont and later  Havana, Cuba. His collection &lt;i&gt;Poeta en Nueva York&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;A poet in New York&lt;/i&gt;,  published posthumously in 1942) explores alienation and isolation  through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was  influenced by the Wall Street crash  which he personally witnessed. This condemnation of urban capitalist  society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his  earlier work and label as a folklorist.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; His play of this time &lt;i&gt;El Público&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;The Public&lt;/i&gt;)  was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in  its entirety, the manuscript lost.However, several of his personal  letters are housed at The Hispanic Society of America in New York City.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="The_Republic"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="The_Republic"&gt;The Republic&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the re-establishment of the Spanish Republic.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  In 1931, García Lorca was appointed as director of a university student  theatre company, Teatro Universitario la Barraca (The Shack). This was  funded by the Second Republic's  Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's remotest  rural areas in order to introduce audiences to radically modern  interpretations of classic Spanish theatre free of charge. With a  portable stage and little equipment they sought to bring theatre to  people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as  acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid the theatre, which is in its  very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the  people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes  or ears or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back  to them".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  His experiences of travelling through impoverished rural Spain and New  York, (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African American  population), had radicalised him into a passionate advocate of the  theatre of social action.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter a free  forum where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and  explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-5"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While touring with &lt;i&gt;La Barraca&lt;/i&gt;, García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the &lt;i&gt;Rural Trilogy&lt;/i&gt; of Bodas de Sangre (&lt;i&gt;Blood Wedding&lt;/i&gt;), Yerma and La Casa de Bernarda Alba (&lt;i&gt;The House of Bernarda Alba&lt;/i&gt;), which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxiv_18-6"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxiv-18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the  questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing room  comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in  society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García  Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in  1936, “theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human  enough to talk and shout, weep and despair.” &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxv_19-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxv-19"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933 to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of &lt;i&gt;Blood Wedding&lt;/i&gt;, García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture &lt;i&gt;Play and Theory of the Duende&lt;/i&gt;.  This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that  great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a  nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxv_19-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxv-19"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca  also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work &lt;i&gt;Sonnets to his dark love&lt;/i&gt;  (1936) was inspired by a passion for Rafael Rodriguez Rapun, secretary  of La Barraca. The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th century poet San Juan de la Cruz.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxvii_21-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxvii-21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the new government in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936.&lt;br /&gt;Lorca kept Huerta de San Vicente as his summer house in Granada from  1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major  works, among them &lt;i&gt;When Five Years Pass&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Así que pasen cinco años&lt;/i&gt;) (1931), &lt;i&gt;Blood Wedding&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;(Bodas de sangre)&lt;/i&gt; (1932), &lt;i&gt;Yerma&lt;/i&gt; (1934) and &lt;i&gt;Diván del Tamarit&lt;/i&gt; (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Although García Lorca's artwork doesn't often receive attention he was also a keen artist.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Death"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Death"&gt;Death&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;García Lorca left Madrid for his family home in Granada only three days before the Spanish Civil War broke out (July 1936).&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxvii_21-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxvii-21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The Spanish political and social climate had greatly intensified after the murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardia de Asalto).&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; García Lorca knew that he would be suspect to the rising right wing for his outspoken liberal views.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Maurerxvii_21-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Maurerxvii-21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  On 18 August, his brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, the  leftist mayor of Granada, was shot. Lorca was arrested that same  afternoon.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gibson_1996_255_26-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-Gibson_1996_255-26"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; on 19 August 1936.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-29"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The author Ian Gibson in his book &lt;i&gt;The Assassination of García Lorca&lt;/i&gt;  alleges that he was shot with three others (Joaquin Arcollas Cabezas,  Francisco Galadi Mergal and Dioscoro Galindo Gonzalez) at a place known  as the Fuente Grande, or Great Fountain in Spanish, which is on the road  between Viznar and Alfacar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#cite_note-30"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fedMB7tLIFY/TeuU8SV2tLI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/b_aqzVVApw4/s1600/Federico_Garcia_Lorca_Firma.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="227" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fedMB7tLIFY/TeuU8SV2tLI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/b_aqzVVApw4/s320/Federico_Garcia_Lorca_Firma.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-2877412626839205427?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/2877412626839205427/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-english.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2877412626839205427'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2877412626839205427'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/federico-garcia-lorca-english.html' title='Federico García Lorca ( English)'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8melLqwZYBc/TeuRcrNqBQI/AAAAAAAAAJo/TlR1hat6Ukc/s72-c/Lorca_%25281914%2529.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-5614872341631540113</id><published>2011-06-04T16:08:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-04T16:08:32.843+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 4'/><title type='text'>Giacomo Girolamo Casanova</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zlNheZmH9cY/Teo78OpuV2I/AAAAAAAAAJg/evu73O-ZxiY/s1600/Casanova_ritratto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zlNheZmH9cY/Teo78OpuV2I/AAAAAAAAAJg/evu73O-ZxiY/s200/Casanova_ritratto.jpg" width="143" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Giacomo Girolamo Casanova de Seingalt&lt;/b&gt; (April 2, 1725 – June 4, 1798), Italian adventurer, bon vivant, and author. Giacomo Girolamo Casanova, sometimes known as Giovanni Giacomo Casanova, was born in Venice to an actress mother. There is some question as to whether his father was her actor husband or her protector, a member of the patrician Grimani family. After being sent to Padua at an early age to prepare for legal studies, Casanova embarked on the adventurer's life. He was funded by wealthy patrons and questionable endeavors, particularly gambling, for which he showed a marked talent. Espousing a libertine philosophy, he pursued amorous encounters of every variety that eventually broke even the strictest taboos. He traveled widely in the Mediterranean, the Italian peninsula, and the Continent, often finding high-ranking patrons and employers. While in Switzerland he joined the Freemasons.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For a number of years Casanova succeeded in avoiding punishment for his transgressions. However, his use of occult practices to gain the favor and funds of Venetian patricians resulted in his arrest on suspicion of heresy by the Venetian Inquisition. In 1755 he was imprisoned in the dreaded Leads, cells so named for their location under the lead roof of the Ducal Palace. Despite their virtually impregnable location, he effected a harrowing escape in 1756 by studying the structure of the building and ruth-lessly manipulating his jailer and cellmate to obtain their assistance. As he recognized, the confinement made him less sure of himself; it also made him more tyrannical and more cruel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fleeing the reprisal of the Venetian state, he traveled to the capitals of Europe and endeavored to have himself introduced to the ruling class. Instrumental in these efforts were the title Chevalier de Seingalt, which he conferred upon himself, and his familiarity with occult practices. As he made clear in his autobiography, he did not believe in such practices, but he found many aristocrats who sought his assistance in projects such as being reborn. In spite of some successes in aristocratic circles, he was expelled from host countries as a result of both true and false accusations of shady practices.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eager to return to his homeland, Casanova wrote a defense of the Venetian system of governance that helped him achieve this goal in 1774. Hired as a spy for the Venetian Inquisition, he also cultivated the literary career to which he had long aspired. When a member of the Grimani family failed to support him in a dispute over money in 1782, he was unable to curb his pen. He wrote a fable (Nè amori nè donne ovvero la stala ripulita [Neither love affairs nor women, or the cleansing of the stable]) satirizing the vanity and weakness of the patriciate in general and the Grimani in particular; this resulted in his definitive exile.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Casanova passed his final years as the librarian to Count von Waldstein in Bohemia. His works include treatises on such matters as the troubles of the Polish state; poems; and a translation of the Iliad (1775). Some hold that he collaborated with Lorenzo da Ponte (1749–1838) on the libretto for Mozart's Don Giovanni (1787), or that he served as an inspiration for the Don. His twelve-volume autobiography, Histoire de ma vie, provides a densely detailed account of life in the Old Regime, including the privileges of powerful aristocrats, which he supported and appropriated as his entitlement, the expediencies by which many survived, the unpredictable disruptions wrought by disease and death, and the impulsive grasping of consolatory pleasures. Fascination with his life has given rise to Casanova Societies in many countries. Casanova's love affairs and adventures inspired numerous films, perhaps the most famous of which is Fellini's Casanova (1976). His surname has become a byword for the man who practices amorous license.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0yApGD2J5Mg/Teo8AebsKHI/AAAAAAAAAJk/hzr0NyHlhG4/s1600/casanova.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-0yApGD2J5Mg/Teo8AebsKHI/AAAAAAAAAJk/hzr0NyHlhG4/s200/casanova.jpg" width="155" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Giacomo Girolamo Casanova&lt;/b&gt; (n. 2 de abril de 1725, en Venecia, República de Venecia – 4 de junio de 1798, en Dux, actual Duchcov, Bohemia (República Checa) fue un famoso aventurero, escritor, diplomático y agente secreto veneciano.&lt;br /&gt;Se lo conoce sobre todo como un hombre famoso por sus conquistas amorosas, que en toda su vida fueron 132 según su más importante obra autobiográfica: &lt;i&gt;Histoire de ma vie&lt;/i&gt;,  en la que el autor describe con máxima precisión y franqueza sus  aventuras, sus viajes y sus innumerables encuentros galantes. Hizo un  relato de estilo realista sobre su vida, donde las aventuras con  diversas mujeres son mostradas con elegancia, lo que hizo de él,  popularmente y a través del tiempo, el prototipo de amante y aventurero.  Su apellido se convirtió en prototipo del amante. Queda de él una  producción literaria muy vasta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Histoire de ma vie&lt;/i&gt;, conocida también como &lt;i&gt;"las memorias de Casanova"&lt;/i&gt;  fue escrita en francés y, por tal motivo, debería formar parte de la  literatura de esta lengua, pero la elección de idioma fue dictada por  motivos que sobre todo tenían en cuenta la difusión de la obra una vez  editada, en consideración a que en esa época, el francés era el idioma  más conocido y hablado en Europa, como acontece en el siglo XX con el  inglés. Es el mismo Casanova, quien en el prefacio de sus memorias  escribió, haciendo referencia a la anotada mayor difusión de la lengua  francesa:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;J'ai écrit en français, et non pas en italien parce que la langue française est plus répandue que la mienne.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;He escrito en francés, y no en italiano porque la lengua francesa está más extendida que la mía.&lt;/div&gt;Casanova escribió usando el idioma más difundido. Otras obras menores las escribió, en cambio, en italiano.&lt;br /&gt;Es notable verificar, a este respecto, las notables analogías que se  encuentran con otro veneciano célebre, contemporáneo de Casanova: Carlo Goldoni. Éste, del mismo modo, escogió escribir su biografía en francés.&lt;br /&gt;La autobiografía de Casanova, aparte de su intrínseco valor  literario, es un importante documento para la historia de las  costumbres; acaso sea una de las obras literarias más importantes para  conocer la vida cotidiana del siglo XVIII. Se trata de una «muestra»  que, en virtud del mundo frecuentado por el autor y por la limitación  prevista de los posibles lectores, se refiere de modo primordial a las  clases dominantes de la época: nobleza y burguesía. Aunque esto no es un  obstáculo para mantener vivo el interés en lo concerniente a personajes  menos encumbrados del entorno, sean de la extracción que fueren. Todos  son representados de manera vivísima.&lt;br /&gt;Leer esta obra es una tarea fundamental para conocer la vida  cotidiana de los hombres y las mujeres de entonces, para entender «desde  dentro» la vida normal de cada día.&lt;br /&gt;Entre cortes y salones, Casanova mencionó —casi sin darse cuenta— un  momento crucial de la historia de Occidente. Se hallaba entre los  personajes más destacados de su tiempo y dejó la reseña de tales  encuentros. Son así dignas de mención las páginas que tratan de Rousseau, Voltaire, Madame de Pompadour, Mozart, Catalina II de Rusia, Federico II de Prusia...&lt;br /&gt;Casanova no alcanzó a vislumbrar el espíritu de renovación que se  avecinaba y que haría desviar la marcha de la historia en direcciones  antes insospechadas. Así, permaneció como anclado hasta su muerte al Antiguo régimen,  y a la adherencia a esa clase de la cual, por su nacimiento, estaba  excluido, aun cuando siempre buscó —desesperadamente— formar parte de  ella, incluso en su tiempo concreto, cuando la nobleza caminaba  irremediablemente hacia su estrepitoso ocaso.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-5614872341631540113?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/5614872341631540113/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/giacomo-girolamo-casanova.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5614872341631540113'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5614872341631540113'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/giacomo-girolamo-casanova.html' title='Giacomo Girolamo Casanova'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zlNheZmH9cY/Teo78OpuV2I/AAAAAAAAAJg/evu73O-ZxiY/s72-c/Casanova_ritratto.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-5866085215349890684</id><published>2011-06-03T11:52:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-03T11:52:30.100+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 3'/><title type='text'>Tiananmen Square Massacre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-35PGr9Ibgkg/TeiuDGR-NtI/AAAAAAAAAJY/QALexXzrZBA/s1600/6a00d83451b31c69e2011570bf3a59970b-500wi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://0.gvt0.com/vi/9-nXT8lSnPQ/0.jpg"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/9-nXT8lSnPQ&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/9-nXT8lSnPQ&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chinese troops storm through Tiananmen Square  in the center of Beijing, killing and arresting thousands of  pro-democracy protesters. The brutal Chinese government assault on the  protesters shocked the West and brought denunciations and sanctions from  the United States.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However on 4 June 1989, Chinese  troops and security police stormed through Tiananmen Square, firing  indiscriminately into the crowds of protesters. Turmoil ensued, as tens  of thousands of the young students tried to escape the rampaging Chinese  forces. Other protesters fought back, stoning the attacking troops and  overturning and setting fire to military vehicles.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reporters  and Western diplomats on the scene estimated that at least 300, and  perhaps thousands, of the protesters had been killed and as many as  10,000 were arrested. The savagery of the Chinese government's attack  shocked both its allies and Cold War enemies. Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev  declared that he was saddened by the events in China. He said he hoped  that the government would adopt his own domestic reform program and  begin to democratize the Chinese political system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In  the United States, editorialists and members of Congress denounced the  Tiananmen Square massacre and pressed for President George Bush to  punish the Chinese government. A little more than three weeks later, the  U.S. Congress voted to impose economic sanctions against the People's  Republic of China in response to the brutal violation of human rights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgquEHnMA-Q/Teit3omeJII/AAAAAAAAAJU/ysCmpykw8s8/s1600/riotinbeijingbyrobertcroma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgquEHnMA-Q/Teit3omeJII/AAAAAAAAAJU/ysCmpykw8s8/s320/riotinbeijingbyrobertcroma.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Las &lt;b&gt;protestas de la Plaza de Tian'anmen de 1989&lt;/b&gt;, también conocidas como la &lt;b&gt;masacre de Tian'anmen&lt;/b&gt;, la &lt;b&gt;revuelta de Tian'anmen&lt;/b&gt; o el &lt;b&gt;incidente del 4 de junio&lt;/b&gt;, consistieron en una serie de manifestaciones lideradas por estudiantes en la República Popular China, que ocurrieron entre el 15 de abril y el 4 de junio de 1989. La protesta recibe el nombre del lugar en que el Ejército Popular de Liberación suprimió la movilización: la plaza de Tian'anmen, en Pekín. Los manifestantes provenían de diferentes grupos, desde intelectuales que creían que el gobierno del Partido Comunista  era demasiado represivo y corrupto, a trabajadores de la ciudad que  creían que las reformas económicas en China habían ido demasiado lejos y  que la inflación y el desempleo estaban amenazando sus formas de vida. El acontecimiento que inició las protestas fue el fallecimiento de Hu Yaobang.&lt;br /&gt;Tras las protestas y las llamadas del Gobierno pidiendo su  disolución, se produjo en el seno del Partido Comunista una división de  criterio acerca de cómo responder a los manifestantes. La decisión  tomada fue suprimir las protestas por la fuerza, en lugar de acceder a  sus reivindicaciones. El 20 de mayo, el Gobierno declaró la ley marcial y en la noche del 3 de junio,  envió los tanques y la infantería del ejército a la plaza de Tian'anmen  para disolver la protesta. Las estimaciones de las muertes civiles  varían: 400-800 (CIA), 2.600 (según fuentes no identificadas de la Cruz Roja China).  El número de heridos se estima entre 7.000 y 10.000. Tras la violencia,  el Gobierno emprendió un gran número de arrestos para suprimir a los  instigadores del movimiento, expulsó a la prensa extranjera y controló  estrictamente la cobertura de los acontecimientos en la prensa china. La  cruel represión de la protesta de la plaza de Tian'anmen causó la  condena internacional de la actuación del gobierno de la República  Popular China.&lt;br /&gt;En uno de los últimos días de estas protestas fue tomada la foto ganadora del World Press Photo de 1989, en la cual se muestra a un joven opositor parado en medio de una avenida deteniendo a una columna de tanques que circulaba por ésta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lI8DQ81oO9c/TeiudIeiFzI/AAAAAAAAAJc/ZT8LxCXlOSo/s1600/448a0d1ac3853_s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="206" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lI8DQ81oO9c/TeiudIeiFzI/AAAAAAAAAJc/ZT8LxCXlOSo/s320/448a0d1ac3853_s.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lI8DQ81oO9c/TeiudIeiFzI/AAAAAAAAAJc/ZT8LxCXlOSo/s1600/448a0d1ac3853_s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-5866085215349890684?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/5866085215349890684/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/tiananmen-square-massacre.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5866085215349890684'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/5866085215349890684'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/tiananmen-square-massacre.html' title='Tiananmen Square Massacre'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tgquEHnMA-Q/Teit3omeJII/AAAAAAAAAJU/ysCmpykw8s8/s72-c/riotinbeijingbyrobertcroma.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1404184668594701842</id><published>2011-06-02T11:41:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-02T11:41:37.824+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 2'/><title type='text'>Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object width="320" height="266" class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://0.gvt0.com/vi/gasGmT4hCBg/0.jpg"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gasGmT4hCBg&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gasGmT4hCBg&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On this day in 1953, Elizabeth II  is crowned queen of England in a ceremony that dates back over a  millennium. Princess Elizabeth was 25 when she inherited the British  throne upon the death of her father, King George VI.  After mourning him for a year, a lavish coronation celebration was held  for her at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953. A thousand dignitaries and  guests attended the ceremony; millions listened on radio and, for the  first time, watched the proceedings on live television.&lt;br /&gt;A very popular queen, Elizabeth  has travelled more extensively than any other reigning British monarch  and has four children with her husband, Philip Mountbatten.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MnsDOiGlzr4/TedZfbUmDSI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/VQ4cD0r_rDw/s1600/reina-isabel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MnsDOiGlzr4/TedZfbUmDSI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/VQ4cD0r_rDw/s320/reina-isabel.jpg" width="269" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On this day in 1953, Elizabeth II is crowned queen of England in a ceremony that dates back over a millennium."&gt;En este día en 1953, Isabel II es coronada reina de Inglaterra en una ceremonia que se remonta más de un milenio. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Princess Elizabeth was 25 when she inherited the British throne upon the death of her father, King George VI."&gt;La princesa Isabel tenía 25 años cuando heredó el trono británico después de la muerte de su padre, el rey Jorge VI. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="After mourning him for a year, a lavish coronation celebration was held for her at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953."&gt;Después  de luto él por un año, una celebración de la coronación se llevó a cabo  lujosos para ella en la Abadía de Westminster el 2 de junio de 1953. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="A thousand dignitaries and guests attended the ceremony; millions listened on radio and, for the first time, watched the proceedings on live television."&gt;Un  millar de dignatarios e invitados asistieron a la ceremonia; millones  escuchado en la radio y, por primera vez, observó el procedimiento en la  televisión en vivo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="A very popular queen, Elizabeth has travelled more extensively than any other reigning British monarch and has four children with her husband, Philip Mountbatten."&gt;Una  reina muy popular, Elizabeth ha viajado más extensamente que cualquier  otro monarca británico y tiene cuatro hijos con su esposo, Felipe  Mountbatten.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1404184668594701842?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1404184668594701842/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/coronation-of-queen-elizabeth-ii.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1404184668594701842'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1404184668594701842'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/coronation-of-queen-elizabeth-ii.html' title='Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MnsDOiGlzr4/TedZfbUmDSI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/VQ4cD0r_rDw/s72-c/reina-isabel.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-7221602912520824090</id><published>2011-06-01T13:50:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-06-01T13:50:45.591+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='June 1'/><title type='text'>Marilyn Monroe</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RoRGDk70XFw/TeYnCk_CpKI/AAAAAAAAAJE/i4xuGz18Jds/s1600/Marilyn-Monroe-11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RoRGDk70XFw/TeYnCk_CpKI/AAAAAAAAAJE/i4xuGz18Jds/s320/Marilyn-Monroe-11.jpg" width="233" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marilyn Monroe&lt;/b&gt;, born &lt;b&gt;Norma Jeane Mortenson&lt;/b&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-name_0-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#cite_note-name-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;(&lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in IPA"&gt;&lt;/span&gt; June 1, 1926&amp;nbsp;– August 5, 1962&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#cite_note-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) but baptized and raised as &lt;b&gt;Norma Jeane Baker&lt;/b&gt;, was an American actress, singer and model.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe#cite_note-3"&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;After spending much of her childhood in foster homes, Monroe began a career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Her early film appearances were minor, but her performances in &lt;i&gt;The Asphalt Jungle&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;All About Eve&lt;/i&gt; (both 1950) were well received. By 1953, Monroe had progressed to leading roles. Her "dumb blonde" persona was used to comedic effect in such films as &lt;i&gt;Gentlemen Prefer Blondes&lt;/i&gt; (1953), &lt;i&gt;How to Marry a Millionaire&lt;/i&gt; (1953) and &lt;i&gt;The Seven Year Itch&lt;/i&gt; (1955). Limited by typecasting, Monroe studied at the Actors Studio to broaden her range, and her dramatic performance in &lt;i&gt;Bus Stop&lt;/i&gt; (1956) was hailed by critics, and she received a Golden Globe nomination. Her production company, Marilyn Monroe Productions, released &lt;i&gt;The Prince and the Showgirl&lt;/i&gt; (1957), for which she received a BAFTA Award nomination and won a David di Donatello award. She received a Golden Globe Award for her performance in &lt;i&gt;Some Like It Hot&lt;/i&gt; (1959).&lt;br /&gt;The final years of Monroe's life were marked by illness, personal  problems, and a reputation for being unreliable and difficult to work  with. The circumstances of her death, from an overdose of barbiturates, have been the subject of conjecture. Though officially classified as a "probable suicide",  the possibility of an accidental overdose, as well as the possibility  of homicide, have not been ruled out. In 1999, Monroe was ranked as the  sixth greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute. In the years and decades following her death, Monroe has often been cited as a pop and cultural icon as well as an eminent American sex symbol.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MNW69h1EqO0/TeYnWoBXbyI/AAAAAAAAAJI/xIb2Lq40eZg/s1600/Marilyn_Monroe%252C_The_Prince_and_the_Showgirl%252C_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MNW69h1EqO0/TeYnWoBXbyI/AAAAAAAAAJI/xIb2Lq40eZg/s320/Marilyn_Monroe%252C_The_Prince_and_the_Showgirl%252C_2.jpg" width="196" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;Marilyn Monroe&lt;/b&gt;(Los Ángeles, California, Estados Unidos, 1 de junio de 1926 – Ibídem, 5 de agosto de 1962), nacida como &lt;b&gt;Norma Jeane Mortenson&lt;/b&gt; y bautizada como &lt;b&gt;Norma Jeane Baker&lt;/b&gt;, fue una actriz de cine, cantante y modelo estadounidense. Con el paso del tiempo, llegó a ser una de las actrices más famosas de Hollywood y uno de los principales símbolos sexuales de todos los tiempos.&lt;br /&gt;Comenzó su carrera como modelo fotográfica y a partir de 1946 comenzó  a interpretar pequeños papeles en películas de bajo presupuesto. Los  primeros papeles destacados los interpretó en las películas &lt;i&gt;The Asphalt Jungle&lt;/i&gt; (1950) y &lt;i&gt;All About Eve&lt;/i&gt; (1950). Su reconocimiento mundial comenzó a desarrollarse después de que protagonizara el musical &lt;i&gt;Los caballeros las prefieren rubias&lt;/i&gt; (1953) y apareciera en el número inaugural de la revista &lt;i&gt;Playboy&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Interpretó el papel principal en las comedias &lt;i&gt;Cómo casarse con un millonario&lt;/i&gt; (1953), &lt;i&gt;The Seven Year Itch&lt;/i&gt; (1955) y &lt;i&gt;Bus Stop&lt;/i&gt;  (1956), y gracias al éxito taquillero de estas películas, desde  entonces comenzó a ser considerada como una de las actrices más  rentables de la industria cinematográfica. Su mayor éxito comercial fue &lt;i&gt;Some Like it Hot&lt;/i&gt; (1959), filme por el que ganó el Globo de Oro a la mejor actriz de comedia.&lt;br /&gt;Fue considerada una de las mujeres más atractivas de la historia del séptimo arte. Estuvo casada con el jugador de béisbol Joe DiMaggio, en 1954, y luego con el dramaturgo Arthur Miller, entre 1956 y 1962. Monroe falleció el 5 de agosto de 1962 a causa de una sobredosis de barbitúricos, en circunstancias nunca esclarecidas. La primera hipótesis que barajó la justicia estadounidense fue la de suicidio, pero ésta nunca pudo ser corroborada.&lt;br /&gt;El American Film Institute la considera entre las diez mejores estrellas femeninas de todos los tiempos.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-7221602912520824090?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/7221602912520824090/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/marilyn-monroe-born-norma-jeane.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7221602912520824090'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/7221602912520824090'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/06/marilyn-monroe-born-norma-jeane.html' title='Marilyn Monroe'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RoRGDk70XFw/TeYnCk_CpKI/AAAAAAAAAJE/i4xuGz18Jds/s72-c/Marilyn-Monroe-11.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-3922212715242579589</id><published>2011-05-31T15:08:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-31T15:08:59.733+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 31'/><title type='text'>Big Ben goes into operation in London</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6T8AZMOmh78/TeTmlzNL8TI/AAAAAAAAAI0/kO4YuySFJ-Y/s1600/bigben.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="222" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6T8AZMOmh78/TeTmlzNL8TI/AAAAAAAAAI0/kO4YuySFJ-Y/s320/bigben.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The famous tower clock known as Big Ben, located at the top of the 320-foot-high St. Stephen's Tower, rings out over the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, for the first time on this day in 1859.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After a fire destroyed much of the Palace of Westminster – the  headquarters of the British Parliament – in October 1834, a standout  feature of the design for the new palace was a large clock atop a tower.  The royal astronomer, Sir George Airy, wanted the clock to have  pinpoint accuracy, including twice-a-day checks with the Royal Greenwich  Observatory. While many clockmakers dismissed this goal as impossible,  Airy counted on the help of Edmund Beckett Denison, a formidable  barrister known for his expertise in horology, or the science of  measuring time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Denison's design, built by the company E.J.  Dent &amp;amp; Co., was completed in 1854; five years later, St. Stephen's  Tower itself was finished. Weighing more than 13 tonnes, its massive  bell was dragged to the tower through the streets of London by a team of  16 horses, to the cheers of onlookers. Once it was installed, Big Ben  struck its first chimes on 31 May 1859. Just two months later, however,  the heavy striker designed by Denison cracked the bell. Three more years  passed before a lighter hammer was added and the clock went into  service again. The bell was rotated so that the hammer would strike  another surface, but the crack was never repaired.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The name  "Big Ben" originally just applied to the bell but later came to refer to  the clock itself. Two main stories exist about how Big Ben got its  name. Many claim it was named after the famously long-winded Sir  Benjamin Hall, the London Commissioner of Works at the time it was  built. Another famous story argues that the bell was named for the  popular heavyweight boxer Benjamin Caunt, because it was the largest of  its kind.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even after an incendiary bomb destroyed the chamber of the House of Commons during the Second World War,  St. Stephen's Tower survived, and Big Ben continued to function. Its  famously accurate timekeeping is regulated by a stack of coins placed on  the clock's huge pendulum, ensuring a steady movement of the clock  hands at all times. At night, all four of the clock’s faces, each one 23  feet across, are illuminated. A light above Big Ben is also lit to let  the public know when Parliament is in session.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg2ZKftZv88/TeTneItVoxI/AAAAAAAAAI8/xSr348VKMYI/s1600/big-ben.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="212" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg2ZKftZv88/TeTneItVoxI/AAAAAAAAAI8/xSr348VKMYI/s320/big-ben.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Big Ben&lt;/b&gt; es el nombre con que se conoce a la &lt;b&gt;Gran campana de Westminster&lt;/b&gt;, la mayor de las campanas que se encuentran en la &lt;b&gt;Torre del Reloj&lt;/b&gt; que forman parte del &lt;b&gt;Gran Reloj de Westminster&lt;/b&gt; del Palacio de Westminster, ubicado en la ciudad Londres.  Aunque este nombre le corresponde a la gran campana, popularmente  también se le aplica a la Torre del Reloj en su conjunto. La torre se  encuentra en la esquina noroeste del edificio que alberga la sede de las  dos Cámaras del Parlamento Británico. El Big Ben fue construido en el año 1858.  Se cree que recibe su nombre en honor al primer encargado de la  construcción, Benjamin Hall, o quizás para homenajear al boxeador Ben  Caunt, muy popular en 1858, año en el que la campana fue fundida.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El nombre "Big Ben" es universalmente usado para referirse a la torre en  general. Sin embargo, oficialmente se refiere específicamente a la campana  principal dentro de la torre. Esta campana se encarga de contar las  horas, su peso aproximado es de 13 toneladas. Se cree que recibe su  nombre en honor al primer encargado de la construcción, Benjamin Hall, o quizás para homenajear al boxeador Ben Caunt, muy popular en 1858, año en el que la campana fue fundida. Aunque no abierta al público, los residentes en el Reino Unido  pueden visitar la torre a través de sus representantes parlamentarios  (Members of Parliament). Este reloj es uno de los símbolos  representativos de Londres.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rltW6m2tCg8/TeToHcVTYhI/AAAAAAAAAJA/II3W-FkOPh8/s1600/498bigben_bell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="170" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rltW6m2tCg8/TeToHcVTYhI/AAAAAAAAAJA/II3W-FkOPh8/s200/498bigben_bell.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La Torre de San Esteban (St. Stephen's Tower) o la Torre del Reloj de  Westminster, popularmente conocida como "Big Ben", fue levantada como  parte del nuevo edificio diseñado por Charles Barry, después de que el viejo palacio de Westminster fuera destruido por el fuego la noche del 16 de octubre de 1834. La torre está diseñada al estilo gótico victoriano, y tiene 96,3 m  de altura. El estilo gótico fue elegido finalmente por la necesidad del  imperio británico de diferenciarse del resto de naciones en aquellos  días, que ellos consideraban menos fuertes, donde sus parlamentos se  regían principalmente por el estilo clásico.&lt;br /&gt;El cuerpo de la torre (61 m de altura) consiste en un enladrillado  con revestimiento de piedra; los 35 metros restantes los forman la aguja  de hierro fundido con que se corona la torre. La torre está asentada  sobre una base de 15 metros de lado y tiene un peso estimado en 8.667 toneladas. Los cuatro relojes están situados a 55 metros de altura.&lt;br /&gt;Debido a las condiciones de tierra donde se asienta la construcción, la torre se inclina levemente al noroeste, unos 220 mm. También oscila anualmente algunos milímetros al este y al oeste, debido a los efectos térmicos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El reloj de la torre fue el más grande del mundo en su tiempo, capaz  de dar cada hora con la precisión de un segundo. El mecanismo del reloj  fue completado en el año 1854, pero la torre no fue completamente construida hasta cuatro años más tarde.&lt;br /&gt;Los cuatro laterales del reloj y sus esferas fueron diseñados por  Augustus Pugin. Cada lateral tiene una estructura esférica de hierro de  23 pies de diámetro que contiene 312 piezas de cristal opaco. Algunas de  estas piezas pueden ser quitadas para revisar las manecillas del reloj.  En la base de cada cara del reloj hay una inscripción en latín: 'DOMINE  SALVAM FAC REGINAM NOSTRAM VICTORIAM PRIMAM' ('Dios guarde a nuestra  reina Victoria I'). La manecilla que marca las horas mide 2,7 metros de largo, mientras que la que marca los minutos mide 4,3 metros.&lt;br /&gt;El nombre "Big Ben" fue puesto a la campana original de 16 toneladas de la torre, fundida en 1856.  Dado que la torre no estaba aún finalizada, la campana fue instalada en  el "New Palace Yard", pero la campana se rompió, y finalmente se rehizo  en una campana de 13,8 toneladas, la cual se usa hoy. La nueva campana  fue montada en la torre en 1858 junto a cuatro campanas más, que se encargan de dar los cuartos.&lt;br /&gt;El 7 de septiembre de 1859 el reloj entró en funcionamiento.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-3922212715242579589?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/3922212715242579589/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/big-ben-goes-into-operation-in-london.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3922212715242579589'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3922212715242579589'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/big-ben-goes-into-operation-in-london.html' title='Big Ben goes into operation in London'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6T8AZMOmh78/TeTmlzNL8TI/AAAAAAAAAI0/kO4YuySFJ-Y/s72-c/bigben.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-6251277926498458933</id><published>2011-05-30T12:50:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-30T12:50:40.764+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 30'/><title type='text'>Joan of Arc is burned at the stake</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l6BzZFasbTE/TeN18XOdkSI/AAAAAAAAAIo/g_l2JSvtWfU/s1600/juana_de_arco.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l6BzZFasbTE/TeN18XOdkSI/AAAAAAAAAIo/g_l2JSvtWfU/s320/juana_de_arco.jpg" width="242" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;At Rouen in English-controlled Normandy, Joan of Arc, the peasant girl who became the saviour of France, is burned at the stake for heresy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joan was born in 1412, the daughter of a tenant farmer at Domremy, on  the borders of the duchies of Bar and Lorraine. In 1415, the Hundred  Years War between England and France entered a crucial phase when the  young King Henry V of England invaded France and won a series of  decisive victories against the forces of King Charles VI. By the time of  Henry's death in August 1422, the English and their French-Burgundian  allies controlled Aquitaine and most of northern France, including  Paris. Charles VI, long incapacitated, died one month later, and his  son, Charles, regent from 1418, prepared to take the throne. However,  Reims, the traditional city of French coronation, was held by the  Anglo-Burgundians, and the Dauphin (heir apparent to the French throne)  remained uncrowned. Meanwhile, King Henry VI of England, the infant son  of Henry V and Catherine of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI, was  proclaimed king of France by the English.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Joan's village of  Domremy lay on the frontier between the France of the Dauphin and that  of the Anglo-Burgundians. In the midst of this unstable environment,  Joan began hearing "voices" of three Christian saints – St. Michael, St.  Catherine, and St. Margaret. When she was about 16, these voices  exhorted her to aid the Dauphin in capturing Reims and therefore the  French throne. In May 1428, she travelled to Vaucouleurs, a stronghold  of the Dauphin, and told the captain of the garrison of her visions.  Disbelieving the young peasant girl, he sent her home. In January 1429,  she returned, and the captain, impressed by her piety and determination,  agreed to allow her passage to the Dauphin at Chinon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dressed  in men's clothes and accompanied by six soldiers, she reached the  Dauphin's castle at Chinon in February 1429 and was granted an audience.  Charles hid himself among his courtiers, but Joan immediately picked  him out and informed him of her divine mission. For several weeks,  Charles had Joan questioned by theologians at Poitiers, who concluded  that, given his desperate straits, the Dauphin would be well-advised to  make use of this strange and charismatic girl.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Charles  furnished her with a small army, and on 27 April 1429, she set out for  Orleans, besieged by the English since October 1428. On 29 April, as a  French sortie distracted the English troops on the west side of Orleans,  Joan entered unopposed by its eastern gate. She brought greatly needed  supplies and reinforcements and inspired the French to a passionate  resistance. She personally led the charge in several battles and on 7  May was struck by an arrow. After quickly dressing her wound, she  returned to the fight, and the French won the day. On 8 May, the English  retreated from Orleans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the next five weeks, Joan and  the French commanders led the French into a string of stunning victories  over the English. On 16 July, the royal army reached Reims, which  opened its gates to Joan and the Dauphin. The next day, Charles VII was  crowned king of France, with Joan standing nearby holding up her  standard: an image of Christ in judgment. After the ceremony, she knelt  before Charles, joyously calling him king for the first time.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 8 September, the king and Joan attacked Paris. During the battle,  Joan carried her standard up to the earthworks and called on the  Parisians to surrender the city to the king of France. She was wounded  but continued to rally the king's troops until Charles ordered an end to  the unsuccessful siege. That year, she led several more small  campaigns, capturing the town of Saint-Pierre-le-Moitier. In December,  Charles ennobled Joan, her parents, and her brothers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In May  1430, the Burgundians laid siege to Compiegne, and Joan stole into the  town under the cover of darkness to aid in its defence. On 23 May, while  leading a sortie against the Burgundians, she was captured. The  Burgundians sold her to the English, and in March 1431 she went on trial  before ecclesiastical authorities in Rouen on charges of heresy. Her  most serious crime, according to the tribunal, was her rejection of  church authority in favour of direct inspiration from God. After  refusing to submit to the church, her sentence was read on 24 May: she  was to be turned over to secular authorities and executed. Reacting with  horror to the pronouncement, Joan agreed to recant and was condemned  instead to perpetual imprisonment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ordered to put on women's  clothes, she obeyed, but a few days later the judges went to her cell  and found her dressed again in male attire. Questioned, she told them  that St. Catherine and St. Margaret had reproached her for giving in to  the church against their will. She was found to be a relapsed heretic  and on 29 May was ordered to be handed over to secular officials. On 30  May, Joan, 19 years old, was burned at the stake at the Place du  Vieux-Marche in Rouen. Before the pyre was lit, she instructed a priest  to hold high a crucifix for her to see and to shout out prayers loud  enough to be heard above the roar of the flames.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a source of  military inspiration, Joan of Arc helped turn the Hundred Years War  firmly in France's favour. By 1453, Charles VII had reconquered all of  France except for Calais, which the English relinquished in 1558. In  1920, Joan of Arc, one of the great heroes of French history, was  recognised as a Christian saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Her feast  day is 30 May.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=25159391001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=25159391001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EiE5fkkFoSQ/TeN2KcnSqiI/AAAAAAAAAIs/_gKl66vAZaU/s1600/10139770.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EiE5fkkFoSQ/TeN2KcnSqiI/AAAAAAAAAIs/_gKl66vAZaU/s320/10139770.jpg" width="205" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(Domrémy, Francia, 1412 - Ruán, id., 1431) Santa y  heroína francesa. Nacida en el seno de una familia campesina acomodada,  la infancia de Juana de Arco transcurrió durante el sangriento conflicto  enmarcado en la guerra de los Cien Años que enfrentó al delfín Carlos,  primogénito de Carlos VI de Francia, con Enrique VI de Inglaterra por el  trono francés, y que provocó la ocupación de buena parte del norte de  Francia por las tropas inglesas y borgoñonas. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;A los  trece años, Juana de Arco  confesó haber visto a san Miguel, a santa  Catalina y a santa Margarita y declaró que sus voces la exhortaban a  llevar una vida devota y piadosa. Unos años más tarde, se sintió llamada  por Dios a una misión que no parecía al alcance de una campesina  analfabeta: dirigir el ejército francés, coronar como rey al delfín en  Reims y expulsar a los ingleses del país. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;En 1428  viajó hasta Vaucouleurs con la intención de unirse a las tropas del  príncipe Carlos, pero fue rechazada. A los pocos meses, el asedio de  Orleans por los ingleses agravó la delicada situación francesa y obligó  al delfín a refugiarse en Chinon, localidad a la que acudió Juana, con  una escolta facilitada por Roberto de Baudricourt, para informar a  Carlos acerca del carácter de su misión.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;Éste, no sin haberla hecho examinar por varios teólogos,  accedió al fin a confiarle el mando de un ejército de cinco mil  hombres, con el que Juana de Arco  consiguió derrotar a los ingleses y  levantar el cerco de Orleans, el 8 de mayo de 1429. A continuación,  realizó una serie de campañas victoriosas que franquearon al delfín el  camino hacia Reims y permitieron su coronación como Carlos VII de  Francia (17 de julio de 1429). &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;Acabado su cometido,  Juana de Arco  dejó de oír sus voces interiores y pidió permiso para  volver a casa, pero ante la insistencia de quienes le pedían que se  quedara, continuó combatiendo, primero en el infructuoso ataque contra  París de septiembre de 1429, y luego en el asedio de Compiègne, donde  fue capturada por los borgoñones el 24 de mayo de 1430.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;Entregada a los ingleses, Juana de Arco fue trasladada a  Ruán y juzgada por un tribunal eclesiástico acusada de brujería, con el  argumento de que las voces que le hablaban procedían del diablo, con lo  cual se pretendía presentar a Carlos VII como seguidor de una bruja  para desprestigiarlo. Tras un proceso inquisitorial de tres meses, fue  declarada culpable de herejía y hechicería; pese a que ella había  defendido siempre su inocencia, acabó por retractarse de sus  afirmaciones, y ello permitió conmutar la sentencia de muerte inicial  por la de cadena perpetua. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="biog"&gt;Días más tarde, sin  embargo, recusó la abjuración y reafirmó el origen divino de las voces  que oía, por lo que, condenada a la hoguera, fue ejecutada el 30 de mayo  de 1431 en la plaza del mercado viejo de Ruán. Durante unos años,  corrió el rumor de que no había muerto quemada en la hoguera, ya que  habría sido sustituida por otra muchacha, para casarse posteriormente  con Roberto des Armoises. En 1456, Juana de Arco fue rehabilitada  solemnemente por el papa Calixto III, a instancias de Carlos VII, quien  promovió la revisión del proceso. Considerada una mártir y convertida en  el símbolo de la unidad francesa, fue beatificada en 1909 y canonizada  en 1920, año en que Francia la proclamó su patrona.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-6251277926498458933?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/6251277926498458933/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/joan-of-arc-is-burned-at-stake.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6251277926498458933'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6251277926498458933'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/joan-of-arc-is-burned-at-stake.html' title='Joan of Arc is burned at the stake'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-l6BzZFasbTE/TeN18XOdkSI/AAAAAAAAAIo/g_l2JSvtWfU/s72-c/juana_de_arco.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-967159048608125463</id><published>2011-05-29T14:12:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-29T15:19:56.992+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 29'/><title type='text'>John Fitzgerald Kennedy</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KaJRYnSCsCY/TeI3tI4Yb3I/AAAAAAAAAIg/QRvk8px2LrU/s1600/John_F._Kennedy%252C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KaJRYnSCsCY/TeI3tI4Yb3I/AAAAAAAAAIg/QRvk8px2LrU/s320/John_F._Kennedy%252C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg" width="267" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;(born  May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.—died November 22, 1963,  Dallas, Texas) 35th president of the United States (1961–63), who faced a  number of foreign crises, especially in Cuba and Berlin, but managed to  secure such achievements as the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty and the  Alliance for Progress. He was assassinated while riding in a motorcade  in Dallas. (For a discussion of the history and nature of the  presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The  second of nine children, Kennedy was reared in a family that demanded  intense physical and intellectual competition among the siblings—the  family's touch football games at their Hyannis Port retreat later became  legendary—and was schooled in the religious teachings of the Roman  Catholic church and the political precepts of the Democratic Party. His  father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy, had acquired a multimillion-dollar  fortune in banking, bootlegging, shipbuilding, and the film industry,  and as a skilled player of the stock market. His mother, Rose, was the  daughter of John F. (“Honey Fitz”) Fitzgerald, onetime mayor of Boston.  They established trust funds for their children that guaranteed lifelong  financial independence. After serving as the head of the Securities and  Exchange Commission, Joseph Kennedy became the U.S. ambassador to Great  Britain, and for six months in 1938 John served as his secretary,  drawing on that experience to write his senior thesis at Harvard  University (B.S., 1940) on Great Britain's military unpreparedness. He  then expanded that thesis into a best-selling book, &lt;i class="article-i"&gt;Why England Slept&lt;/i&gt; (1940).&lt;br /&gt;In  the fall of 1941 Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy and two years later was  sent to the South Pacific. By the time he was discharged in 1945, his  older brother, Joe, who their father had expected would be the first  Kennedy to run for office, had been killed in the war, and the family's  political standard passed to John, who had planned to pursue an academic  or journalistic career.&lt;br /&gt;John Kennedy himself had barely escaped  death in battle. Commanding a patrol torpedo (PT) boat, he was gravely  injured when a Japanese destroyer sank it in the Solomon Islands.  Marooned far behind enemy lines, he led his men back to safety and was  awarded the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Medal for heroism. He also  returned to active command at his own request. (These events were later  depicted in a Hollywood film, &lt;i class="article-i"&gt;PT 109&lt;/i&gt; [1963],  that contributed to the Kennedy mystique.) However, the further injury  to his back, which had bothered him since his teens, never really  healed. Despite operations in 1944, 1954, and 1955, he was in pain for  much of the rest of his life. He also suffered from Addison's disease,  though this affliction was publicly concealed. “At least one-half of the  days he spent on this earth,” wrote his brother Robert, “were days of  intense physical pain.” (After he became president, Kennedy combated the  pain with injections of amphetamines—then thought to be harmless and  used by more than a few celebrities for their energizing effect.  According to some reports, both Kennedy and the first lady became  heavily dependent on these injections through weekly use.) None of this  prevented Kennedy from undertaking a strenuous life in politics. His  family expected him to run for public office and to win.&lt;br /&gt;Kennedy  did not disappoint his family; in fact, he never lost an election. His  first opportunity came in 1946, when he ran for Congress. Although still  physically weak from his war injuries, he campaigned aggressively,  bypassing the Democratic organization in the Massachusetts 11th  congressional district and depending instead upon his family, college  friends, and fellow navy officers. In the Democratic primary he received  nearly double the vote of his nearest opponent; in the November  election he overwhelmed the Republican candidate. He was only 29.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kennedy  served three terms in the House of Representatives (1947–53) as a  bread-and-butter liberal. He advocated better working conditions, more  public housing, higher wages, lower prices, cheaper rents, and more  Social Security for the aged. In foreign policy he was an early  supporter of Cold War policies. He backed the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan  but was sharply critical of the Truman administration's record in Asia.  He accused the State Department of trying to force Chiang Kai-shek into  a coalition with Mao Zedong. “What our young men had saved,” he told  the House on January 25, 1949, “our diplomats and our President have  frittered away.”&lt;br /&gt;His congressional district in Boston was a safe  seat, but Kennedy was too ambitious to remain long in the House of  Representatives. In 1952 he ran for the U.S. Senate against the popular  incumbent, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. His mother and sisters Eunice,  Patricia, and Jean held “Kennedy teas” across the state. Thousands of  volunteers flocked to help, including his 27-year-old brother Robert,  who managed the campaign. That fall the Republican presidential  candidate, General Dwight D. Eisenhower,  carried Massachusetts by 208,000 votes; but Kennedy defeated Lodge by  70,000 votes. Less than a year later, on September 12, 1953, Kennedy  enhanced his electoral appeal by marrying Jacqueline Lee Bouvier  (Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis). Twelve  years younger than Kennedy and from a socially prominent family, the  beautiful “Jackie” was the perfect complement to the handsome  politician; they made a glamorous couple.&lt;br /&gt;As a senator, Kennedy  quickly won a reputation for responsiveness to requests from  constituents, except on certain occasions when the national interest was  at stake. In 1954 he was the only New England senator to approve an  extension of President Eisenhower's reciprocal-trade powers, and he  vigorously backed the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway, despite the  fact that over a period of 20 years no Massachusetts senator or  congressman had ever voted for it.&lt;br /&gt;To the disappointment of  liberal Democrats, Kennedy soft-pedaled the demagogic excesses of  Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin, who in the early 1950s  conducted witch-hunting campaigns against government workers accused of  being communists. Kennedy's father liked McCarthy, contributed to his  campaign, and even entertained him in the family's compound at Hyannis  Port on Cape Cod in Massachusetts. Kennedy himself disapproved of  McCarthy, but, as he once observed, “Half my people in Massachusetts  look on McCarthy as a hero.” Yet, on the Senate vote over condemnation  of McCarthy's conduct (1954), Kennedy expected to vote against him. He  prepared a speech explaining why, but he was absent on the day of the  vote. Later, at a National Press Club Gridiron dinner, costumed  reporters sang, “Where were you, John, where were you, John, when the  Senate censured Joe?” Actually, John had been in a hospital, in critical  condition after back surgery. For six months afterward he lay strapped  to a board in his father's house in Palm Beach, Florida. It was during  this period that he worked on &lt;i class="article-i"&gt;Profiles in Courage&lt;/i&gt;  (1956), an account of eight great American political leaders who had  defied popular opinion in matters of conscience, which was awarded a  Pulitzer Prize in 1957. Although Kennedy was credited as the book's  author, it was later revealed that his assistant Theodore Sorensen had  done much of the research and writing.&lt;br /&gt;Back in the Senate, Kennedy  led a fight against a proposal to abolish the electoral college,  crusaded for labour reform, and became increasingly committed to civil  rights legislation. As a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign  Relations in the late 1950s, he advocated extensive foreign aid to the  emerging nations in Africa and Asia, and he surprised his colleagues by  calling upon France to grant Algerian independence.&lt;br /&gt;During these  years his political outlook was moving leftward. Possibly because of  their father's dynamic personality, the sons of Joseph Kennedy matured  slowly. Gradually John's stature among Democrats grew, until he had  inherited the legions that had once followed Governor Adlai E. Stevenson  of Illinois, the two-time presidential candidate who by appealing to  idealism had transformed the Democratic Party and made Kennedy's rise  possible.&lt;br /&gt;Kennedy had nearly become Stevenson's vice presidential  running mate in 1956. The charismatic young New Englander's near victory  and his televised speech of concession (Estes Kefauver won the vice  presidential nomination) brought him into some 40 million American  homes. Overnight he had become one of the best-known political figures  in the country. Already his campaign for the 1960 nomination had begun.  One newspaperman called him a “young man in a hurry.” Kennedy felt that  he had to redouble his efforts because of the widespread conviction that  no Roman Catholic candidate could be elected president. He made his  1958 race for reelection to the Senate a test of his popularity in  Massachusetts. His margin of victory was 874,608 votes—the largest ever  in Massachusetts politics and the greatest of any senatorial candidate  that year.&lt;br /&gt;A steady stream of speeches and periodical profiles  followed, with photographs of him and his wife appearing on many a  magazine cover. Kennedy's carefully calculated pursuit of the presidency  years before the first primary established a practice that became the  norm for candidates seeking the nation's highest office. To transport  him and his staff around the country, his father bought a 40-passenger  Convair aircraft. His brothers Robert (“Bobby,” or “Bob”) and Edward  (“Teddy,” or “Ted”) pitched in. After having graduated from Harvard  University (1948) and from the University of Virginia Law School (1951),  Bobby had embarked on a career as a Justice Department attorney and  counsellor for congressional committees. Ted likewise had graduated from  Harvard (1956) and from Virginia Law School (1959). Both men were  astute campaigners.&lt;br /&gt;In January 1960 John F. Kennedy formally  announced his presidential candidacy. His chief rivals were the senators  Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota and Lyndon B. Johnson  of Texas. Kennedy knocked Humphrey out of the campaign and dealt the  religious taboo against Roman Catholics a blow by winning the primary in  Protestant West Virginia. He tackled the Catholic issue again, by  avowing his belief in the separation of church and state in a televised  speech before a group of Protestant ministers in Houston, Texas.  Nominated on the first ballot, he balanced the Democratic ticket by  choosing Johnson as his running mate. In his acceptance speech Kennedy  declared, “We stand on the edge of a New Frontier.” Thereafter the  phrase “New Frontier” was associated with his presidential programs.&lt;br /&gt;Another  phrase—“the Kennedy style”—encapsulated the candidate's emerging  identity. It was glamorous and elitist, an amalgam of his father's  wealth, John Kennedy's charisma and easy wit, Jacqueline Kennedy's  beauty and fashion sense (the suits and pillbox hats she wore became  widely popular), the charm of their children and relatives, and the  erudition of the Harvard advisers who surrounded him (called the “best  and brightest” by author David Halberstam).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kennedy won the general election, narrowly defeating the Republican candidate, Vice President Richard M. Nixon,  by a margin of less than 120,000 out of some 70,000,000 votes cast.  Many observers, then and since, believed vote fraud contributed to  Kennedy's victory, especially in the critical state of Illinois, where  Joe Kennedy enlisted the help of the ever-powerful Richard J. Daley,  mayor of Chicago. Nixon had defended the Eisenhower record; Kennedy,  whose slogan had been “Let's get this country moving again,” had  deplored unemployment, the sluggish economy, the so-called missile gap  (a presumed Soviet superiority over the United States in the number of  nuclear-armed missiles), and the new communist government in Havana. A  major factor in the campaign was a unique series of four televised  debates between the two men; an estimated 85–120 million Americans  watched one or more of the debates. Both men showed a firm grasp of the  issues, but Kennedy's poise in front of the camera, his tony Harvard  accent, and his good looks (in contrast to Nixon's “five o'clock  shadow”) convinced many viewers that he had won the debate. As  president, Kennedy continued to exploit the new medium, sparkling in  precedent-setting televised weekly press conferences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;He  was the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic ever elected to the  presidency of the United States. His administration lasted 1,037 days.  From the onset he was concerned with foreign affairs. In his memorable  inaugural address (see original text), he called upon Americans “to bear  the burden of a long twilight struggle…against the common enemies of  man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.” (See also primary  source document: A Long Twilight Struggle.) He declared:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;In  the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted  the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not  shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it.…The energy, the faith, the  devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all  who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. And  so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask  what you can do for your country.&lt;/blockquote&gt;The  administration's first brush with foreign affairs was a disaster. In the  last year of the Eisenhower presidency, the Central Intelligence Agency  (CIA) had equipped and trained a brigade of anticommunist Cuban exiles  for an invasion of their homeland. The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously  advised the new president that this force, once ashore, would spark a  general uprising against the Cuban leader, Fidel Castro. But the Bay of Pigs invasion  was a fiasco; every man on the beachhead was either killed or captured.  Kennedy assumed “sole responsibility” for the setback. Privately he  told his father that he would never again accept a Joint Chiefs  recommendation without first challenging it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;The  Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, thought he had taken the young  president's measure when the two leaders met in Vienna in June 1961.  Khrushchev ordered a wall  built between East and West Berlin and threatened to sign a separate  peace treaty with East Germany. The president activated National Guard  and reserve units, and Khrushchev backed down on his separate peace  threat. Kennedy then made a dramatic visit to West Berlin, where he told  a cheering crowd, “Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast  is ‘Ich bin ein [I am a] Berliner.' ” In October 1962 a buildup of  Soviet short- and intermediate-range nuclear missiles  was discovered in Cuba. Kennedy demanded that the missiles be  dismantled; he ordered a “quarantine” of Cuba (see original text)—in  effect, a blockade that would stop Soviet ships from reaching that  island. For 13 days nuclear war seemed near; then the Soviet premier  announced that the offensive weapons would be withdrawn. (See Cuban missile crisis.)  Ten months later Kennedy scored his greatest foreign triumph when  Khrushchev and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain joined  him in signing the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty. Yet Kennedy's commitment to  combat the spread of communism led him to escalate American involvement  in the conflict in Vietnam, where he sent not just supplies and  financial assistance, as President Eisenhower had, but 15,000 military  advisers as well.&lt;br /&gt;Because of his slender victory in 1960, Kennedy  approached Congress warily, and with good reason; Congress was largely  indifferent to his legislative program. It approved his Alliance for  Progress (Alianza) in Latin America and his Peace Corps, which won the  enthusiastic endorsement of thousands of college students. But his two  most cherished projects, massive income tax cuts and a sweeping civil  rights measure, were not passed until after his death. (See primary  source document: The American Promise to African Americans.) In May 1961  Kennedy committed the United States to land a man on the Moon by the  end of the decade, and, while he would not live to see this achievement  either, his advocacy of the space program contributed to the successful  launch of the first American manned spaceflights.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;He  was an immensely popular president, at home and abroad. At times he  seemed to be everywhere at once, encouraging better physical fitness,  improving the morale of government workers, bringing brilliant advisers  to the White House, and beautifying Washington, D.C. His wife joined him  as an advocate for American culture. Their two young children, Caroline  Bouvier and John F., Jr., were familiar throughout the country. The  charm and optimism of the Kennedy family seemed contagious, sparking the  idealism of a generation for whom the Kennedy White House became, in  journalist Theodore White's famous analogy, Camelot—the magical court of  Arthurian legend, which was celebrated in a popular Broadway musical of  the early 1960s.&lt;br /&gt;Joseph Kennedy, meanwhile, had been  incapacitated in Hyannis Port by a stroke, but the other Kennedys were  in and out of Washington. Robert Kennedy, as John's attorney general,  was the second most powerful man in the country. He advised the  president on all matters of foreign and domestic policy, national  security, and political affairs.&lt;br /&gt;In 1962 Edward Kennedy was  elected to the president's former Senate seat in Massachusetts. Their  sister Eunice's husband, Sargent Shriver, became director of the Peace  Corps. Their sister Jean's husband, Stephen Smith, was preparing to  manage the Democratic Party's 1964 presidential campaign. Another  sister, Patricia, had married Peter Lawford, an English-born actor who  served the family as an unofficial envoy to the entertainment world. All  Americans knew who Rose, Jackie, Bobby, and Teddy were, and most could  identify Bobby's wife as Ethel and Teddy's wife as Joan. But if the  first family had become American royalty, its image of perfection would  be tainted years later by allegations of marital infidelity by the  president (most notably, an affair with motion-picture icon Marilyn  Monroe) and of his association with members of organized crime.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;President  Kennedy believed that his Republican opponent in 1964 would be Senator  Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He was convinced that he could bury  Goldwater under an avalanche of votes, thus receiving a mandate for  major legislative reforms. One obstacle to his plan was a feud in Vice  President Johnson's home state of Texas between Governor John B.  Connally, Jr., and Senator Ralph Yarborough, both Democrats. To present a  show of unity, the president decided to tour the state with both men.  On Friday, November 22, 1963, he and Jacqueline Kennedy were in an open  limousine riding slowly in a motorcade through downtown Dallas. At 12:30  PM the president was struck by two rifle bullets, one at the base of  his neck and one in the head. He was pronounced dead shortly after  arrival at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Governor Connally, though also  gravely wounded, recovered. Vice President Johnson took the oath as  president at 2:38 PM. Lee Harvey Oswald, a 24-year-old Dallas citizen,  was accused of the slaying. Two days later Oswald was shot to death by  Jack Ruby, a local nightclub owner with connections to the criminal  underworld, in the basement of a Dallas police station. A presidential  commission headed by the chief justice of the United States, Earl  Warren, later found that neither the sniper nor his killer “was part of  any conspiracy, domestic or foreign, to assassinate President Kennedy,”  but that Oswald had acted alone. The Warren Commission, however, was not  able to convincingly explain all the particular circumstances of  Kennedy's murder. In 1979 a special committee of the U.S. House of  Representatives declared that although the president had undoubtedly  been slain by Oswald, acoustic analysis suggested the presence of a  second gunman who had missed. But this declaration did little to squelch  the theories that Oswald was part of a conspiracy involving either CIA  agents angered over Kennedy's handling of the Bay of Pigs fiasco or  members of organized crime seeking revenge for Attorney General Bobby  Kennedy's relentless criminal investigations. Kennedy's assassination,  the most notorious political murder of the 20th century, remains a  source of bafflement, controversy, and speculation.&lt;br /&gt;John Kennedy  was dead, but the Kennedy mystique was still alive. Both Robert and Ted  ran for president (in 1968 and 1980, respectively). Yet tragedy would  become nearly synonymous with the Kennedys when Bobby, too, was  assassinated on the campaign trail in 1968.&lt;br /&gt;Jacqueline Kennedy and  her two children moved from the White House to a home in the Georgetown  section of Washington. Continuing crowds of the worshipful and curious  made peace there impossible, however, and in the summer of 1964 she  moved to New York City. Pursuit continued until October 20, 1968, when  she married Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate. The  Associated Press said that the marriage “broke the spell of almost  complete adulation of a woman who had become virtually a legend in her  own time.” Widowed by Onassis, the former first lady returned to the  public eye in the mid-1970s as a high-profile book editor, and she  remained among the most admired women in the United States until her  death in 1994. As an adult, daughter Caroline was jealous of her own  privacy, but John Jr.—a lawyer like his sister and debonair and handsome  like his father—was much more of a public figure. Long remembered as  “John-John,” the three-year-old who stoically saluted his father's  casket during live television coverage of the funeral procession, John  Jr. became the founder and editor-in-chief of the political magazine &lt;i class="article-i"&gt;George&lt;/i&gt;  in the mid-1990s. In 1999, when John Jr., his wife, and his  sister-in-law died in the crash of the private plane he was piloting,  the event was the focus of an international media watch that further  proved the immortality of the Kennedy mystique. It was yet another  chapter in the family's “curse” of tragedy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yYLl1iI3LV0/TeI39s79gwI/AAAAAAAAAIk/soU0wthwceo/s1600/John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yYLl1iI3LV0/TeI39s79gwI/AAAAAAAAAIk/soU0wthwceo/s320/John_F_Kennedy_Official_Portrait.jpg" width="214" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;John Fitzgerald Kennedy&lt;/b&gt; (Brookline, Massachusetts, 29 de mayo de 1917 – † Dallas, Texas, 22 de noviembre de 1963) fue el trigésimo quinto presidente de los Estados Unidos. Fue conocido como &lt;b&gt;John F. Kennedy&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;Jack Kennedy&lt;/b&gt; por sus amigos y popularmente como &lt;b&gt;JFK&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Elegido en 1960, Kennedy se convirtió en el segundo presidente más joven de su país, después de Theodore Roosevelt. Ejerció como Presidente desde 1961 hasta su asesinato en 1963. Durante su gobierno tuvo lugar la invasión de Bahía de Cochinos, la crisis de los misiles de Cuba, la construcción del Muro de Berlín, el inicio de la carrera espacial, la consolidación del Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles en Estados Unidos, así como los primeros eventos de la Guerra de Vietnam.&lt;br /&gt;Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, destacó por su liderazgo como comandante de la lancha torpedera PT-109  en el área del Pacífico Sur. Realizando un reconocimiento, la PT-109  fue impactada por un destructor japonés, que partió la lancha en dos y  ocasionó una explosión. La tripulación a su cargo logró nadar hasta una  isla y sobrevivir hasta ser rescatada. Esta hazaña le dio popularidad y  con ella comenzó su carrera política. Kennedy representó al estado de Massachusetts como miembro de la Cámara de Representantes desde 1947 hasta 1953 y luego como senador desde 1953 hasta que asumió la presidencia en 1961. Con 43 años de edad, fue el candidato presidencial del Partido Demócrata en las elecciones de 1960, derrotando a Richard Nixon  en una de las votaciones más ajustadas de la historia presidencial del  país. Kennedy había sido la última persona en ser elegida ejerciendo  como senador hasta la elección de Barack Obama en 2008. También ha sido el único católico romano en ser elegido presidente de EE. UU., único nacido durante la Primera Guerra Mundial y fue el primero nacido en el siglo XX.&lt;br /&gt;El presidente Kennedy murió asesinado el 22 de noviembre de 1963 en Dallas, Texas, Estados Unidos. A Lee Harvey Oswald lo detuvieron y acusaron del homicidio, pero fue asesinado dos días después por Jack Ruby por lo que no pudieron someterlo a juicio. La Comisión Warren concluyó que Oswald había actuado solo en el asesinato. Sin embargo, el Comité Selecto de la Cámara sobre Asesinatos estimó en 1979 que podría existir una conspiración  en torno a su asesinato. El tema ha sido muy debatido y existen  múltiples teorías sobre el magnicidio. El crimen fue un momento  importante en la historia de los Estados Unidos debido a su traumático impacto en la psique de la nación.&lt;br /&gt;Muchos han considerado a Kennedy como un icono de las aspiraciones y  esperanzas estadounidenses; en algunas encuestas realizadas en su país  continúa siendo estimado como uno de los mejores presidentes de los  Estados Unidos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En la primavera de 1941 se ofreció como voluntario para el Ejército de los Estados Unidos pero fue rechazado principalmente por sus problemas de columna. Sin embargo, en septiembre de ese año la Armada de los Estados Unidos lo aceptó, por la influencia del director de la Oficina de Inteligencia Naval (ONI), un antiguo ayudante naval de su padre en su etapa como embajador en Gran Bretaña. Con el rango de alférez,  trabajó en una oficina encargada de los boletines y de los informes que  se presentaban al Secretario de la Marina. Fue en este periodo cuando  ocurrió el ataque a Pearl Harbor.  Estuvo estudiando en la Escuela de Entrenamiento de Oficiales de la  Reserva Naval (Naval Reserve Officers Training School) y en el Centro de  Entrenamiento de Escuadrones de Lanchas Torpederas (Motor Torpedo Boat  Squadron Training Center) antes de ser destinado a Panamá y finalmente a las operaciones del Pacífico. Participó en varias misiones y fue ascendido a teniente, comandando una lancha "patrulla torpedera" (&lt;i&gt;PT boat&lt;/i&gt;,  lanchas pequeñas y rápidas destinadas a atacar por sorpresa grandes  buques, cuyo efecto fue comparado con el de los mosquitos).&lt;br /&gt;El 2 de agosto de 1943, la lancha de Kennedy, la &lt;i&gt;PT-109&lt;/i&gt;, fue abordada por el destructor japonés &lt;i&gt;Amagiri&lt;/i&gt; mientras participaba en una misión nocturna cerca de Nueva Georgia en las Islas Salomón.  John cayó de la lancha, hiriéndose nuevamente su columna. A pesar de su  lesión, ayudó a sus otros 10 compañeros sobrevivientes, y en especial a  uno al que cargó por estar muy malherido, a llegar a una isla donde  fueron rescatados. Por esta acción, recibió la Medalla de la Marina y  del Cuerpo de Marines ("Navy and Marine Corps Medal") y el siguiente  reconocimiento:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;"Por una conducta  extremadamente heroica como Oficial Comandante de la Lancha Torpedera  109 luego de la colisión y hundimiento del navío en la Guerra del  Pacífico el 1-2 de agosto de 1943. Sin importar el daño personal, el  Teniente (entonces Teniente de menor grado) Kennedy luchó sin vacilar  contra las adversidades en las tinieblas para dirigir las operaciones de  rescate, nadando muchas horas para rescatar y proveer de ayuda y comida  a sus compañeros una vez que estos se encontraban a salvo en la costa.  Su valor sobresaliente, entereza y liderazgo contribuyeron a salvar la  vida de muchas personas y a mantener las mejores tradiciones de la  Armada estadounidense".&lt;/div&gt;Otras condecoraciones de Kennedy en la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron el Corazón Púrpura, la Medalla de la Campaña Asia-Pacífico (&lt;i&gt;Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal&lt;/i&gt;) y la Medalla de la Victoria de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (&lt;i&gt;World War II Victory Medal&lt;/i&gt;). Fue dado honorablemente de baja a principios de 1945, unos pocos meses antes de la rendición japonesa.  Sus actos en la guerra fueron popularizados cuando se convirtió en  Presidente, siendo objeto de varios artículos de revistas, libros,  historietas, especiales de televisión y películas. Contribuyó a hacer de  la &lt;i&gt;PT-109&lt;/i&gt; una de las naves más famosas de la Armada de los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra: modelos a escala e incluso figuras de G.I. Joe sobre el incidente siguen produciéndose en el siglo XXI.&lt;br /&gt;Durante su presidencia, Kennedy admitió privadamente a sus amigos que  no se sentía merecedor de las medallas recibidas, pues el incidente de  la PT-109 fue resultado de una operación militar que costó la vida a dos  miembros de su tripulación. Cuando un reportero le preguntó cómo se  convirtió en un héroe, Kennedy bromeo: "Fue involuntario. Ellos  hundieron mi barco".&lt;br /&gt;En agosto de 1963, un mes antes de su asesinato, Kennedy escribió: "A  cualquier hombre que se le pregunte en este siglo qué hizo para que su  vida valiera la pena, creo que puede responder con harto orgullo y  satisfacción: serví en la Marina de los Estados Unidos"&lt;br /&gt;En mayo de 2002, una expedición de la National Geographic encontró lo que se supone son los restos de la &lt;i&gt;PT-109&lt;/i&gt;  en las Islas Salomón. Un miembro de la familia Kennedy viajó a las  islas para entregar un regalo a quienes rescataron a John y que todavía  permanecían con vida, pero problemas de comunicación les impidieron  participar en la ceremonia. Los guardacostas australianos a los que avisaron los nativos fueron invitados a la Casa Blanca.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-967159048608125463?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/967159048608125463/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/john-fitzgerald-kennedy.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/967159048608125463'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/967159048608125463'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/john-fitzgerald-kennedy.html' title='John Fitzgerald Kennedy'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KaJRYnSCsCY/TeI3tI4Yb3I/AAAAAAAAAIg/QRvk8px2LrU/s72-c/John_F._Kennedy%252C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-810695916654062431</id><published>2011-05-28T13:44:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-28T13:45:15.432+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 28'/><title type='text'>Ian Lancaster Fleming</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="articleDetail"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nAjM6zfSNSk/TeDelIFAylI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/O8Z-VGNW6f8/s1600/2240_11732.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nAjM6zfSNSk/TeDelIFAylI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/O8Z-VGNW6f8/s320/2240_11732.jpg" width="232" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ian Lancaster Fleming&lt;/b&gt; (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author, creator of James Bond, was  much like his fictional character. Fleming was a spy, a notorious  womaniser and he liked his martinis shaken, not stirred.&lt;br /&gt;Part of the British aristocracy, he was a journalist, a banker and a military man, who finally wrote his first novel at age 43.&lt;br /&gt;Over  the next 11 years, he wrote 13 Bond novels and the children's book  'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'. Once translated to the silver screen, James  Bond launched the world's longest running series of movies.&lt;br /&gt;Fleming  was born in Mayfair, London, to Valentine Fleming, an MP, and his wife  Evelyn Ste Croix Fleming. Ian was the younger brother of travel writer  Peter Fleming and the older brother of Michael and Richard Fleming. He  also had an illegitimate half-sister, the cellist Amaryllis Fleming.&lt;br /&gt;He  was educated at Eton before going on to the Royal Military Academy at  Sandhurst. After an early departure from the prestigious officer  training school, he opted to study languages at a private school in  Austria.&lt;br /&gt;Following an unsuccessful application to join the  Foreign Office, Fleming worked as a sub-editor and journalist for the  Reuters news agency, and then as a stockbroker in the City of London.&lt;br /&gt;On  the eve of World War II, Fleming was recruited into naval intelligence.  Owing in part to his facility with languages, he was a personal  assistant to Admiral John H. Godfrey, who served as the model for James  Bond's commanding officer, "M".&lt;br /&gt;Fleming was put in charge of a  special commando unit (from behind his desk in Whitehall) and was  involved in the plot to wash up a dead body on occupied Europe  containing false intelligence about Allied landings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CIIvdCnpJpY/TeDfEGhRRwI/AAAAAAAAAIY/mvs4BVmJ-J0/s1600/1285172081_JamesBond.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CIIvdCnpJpY/TeDfEGhRRwI/AAAAAAAAAIY/mvs4BVmJ-J0/s320/1285172081_JamesBond.jpg" width="226" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;During the  last year of the war, Fleming visited Jamaica on military business and  decided that he would work to make this tropical paradise his home. He  set about making this goal happen and did it with style. He designed and  built a home in Jamaica he called Goldeneye.&lt;br /&gt;He left naval  intelligence after the war, having attained the rank of Commander, and  kept up his rank with the Royal Naval Voluntary Reserve for some years,  having to undergo two weeks training a year. There is little evidence  that Fleming carried out any of the exploits that he later attributed to  James Bond - however, what is clear is that Bond would have been  unlikely to come about had Fleming not spent the time he did in the  intelligence services.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="articleDetail"&gt;Indeed,  Fleming's intelligence work provided the background for his spy novels.  In 1953, he published his first novel, 'Casino Royale'. In it, he  introduced secret agent James Bond, also famously known by his code  number, 007 - which gave him a “licence to kill”. It is believed that,  in this initial story, he based the female character "Vesper Lynd" on  real life SOE agent, Christine Granville.&lt;br /&gt;Besides the 12 novels  and nine short stories he wrote featuring James Bond, Fleming is also  known for the children's story, 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'.&lt;br /&gt;In  1961, he sold the film rights to his already published as well as future  James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman, who, with Albert  R. "Cubby" Broccoli, co-produced the film version of 'Dr. No' (1962).  For the cast, Fleming suggested friend and neighbour Noël Coward as the  villain Dr. Julius No, and David Niven or, later, Roger Moore as James  Bond. Both were rejected in favour of Sean Connery, who was both  Broccoli and Saltzman's choice.&lt;br /&gt;'Dr. No' proved to be an instant  sensation and sparked a spy craze through the rest of the 1960s. It was  followed by 'From Russia with Love' (1963), the second and last James  Bond movie Ian Fleming saw.&lt;br /&gt;Fleming died of a heart attack in  Kent in August, 1964. He was only 56. His widow, Ann Geraldine Mary  Fleming (1913-1981), and son Caspar Robert Fleming (1952–1975), are  buried next to him.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="articleDetail"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G6Cnr_r8CN0/TeDezopDrJI/AAAAAAAAAIU/iCw9gX0exhM/s1600/ianflemingDM0102_468x440.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="187" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G6Cnr_r8CN0/TeDezopDrJI/AAAAAAAAAIU/iCw9gX0exhM/s200/ianflemingDM0102_468x440.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ian Lancaster Fleming &lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Nacido  el 28 de mayo de 1908 de Valentine Fleming, y nieto del acomodado  banquero escocés Robert Fleming, Ian Lancaster Fleming creció en el seno  de una extraña clase de ingleses para quienes todas las opiniones  tienen cabida. El privilegio de clase y respeto no vinieron simplemente  del dinero de su abuelo, ya que la riqueza en Inglaterra no garantiza  las puertas abiertas. La familia Fleming se ganó el respeto social con  servicio y sangre. El padre de Ian fue un terrateniente en Oxfordshire y  miembro del Parlamento. Cuando Valentine Fleming murió en la Gran  Guerra, a Ian le quedaban 8 días para su noveno aniversario. Winston  Churchill escribió el obituario para The Times. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;La  madre de Fleming, Evelyn St. Croix Rose Fleming, heredó los bienes de  Valentine convirtiéndose en una mujer muy adinerada. La herencia, no  obstante, le impedía que se casara de nuevo, lo que virtualmente  garantizaba que permaneciera como la viuda de Valentine para siempre, a  pesar de otros amores o circunstancias. Estas cadenas financieras de  Valentine Fleming prepararán el escenario para las presiones financieras  que perseguirán a Ian Fleming durante su vida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;El  fantasma de Valentine permanecerá sobre Ian de muchas otras formas. Su  padre era una persona muy estricta. En las oraciones, los jóvenes  Fleming rezaban para ser tan buenos como sus padres. Para Ian, esta  carga fue como una orden demasiado difícil de cumplir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Fleming  no sólo tuvo que vivir con el fantasma de su padre, sino que tuvo que  hacerlo a la sombra de su hermano Peter, quien tras la muerte de su  padre ocupó el papel de patriarca de la familia. Peter se distinguió  tanto en Eton como más tarde en Oxford.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;El  conocimiento de la fortuna de su padre, y la imposibilidad de acceder a  ella hicieron sentir al joven Fleming desheredado. La fortuna de Fleming  junto a los importantes logros de Valentine y Peter parecen haber  puesto una pesada losa en el hombro de Ian. Como Ian no consigue ponerse  a su nivel, parece determinado a construir su propio imperio, crear su  propia identiidad dentro de la familia y ser aclamado por su propio  éxito.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Mientras  Fleming buscaba su propia identidad en Kitzbuhel, parecía no encontrar  lo que quería ser en la vida. Escribió algunas historias cortas y  algunos poemas, pero sin pretensiones, parece, de ser un autor. Con el  tiempo, Fleming se preparó para el examen de servicios extranjeros, pero  para su desgracia no alcanzó la nota. Sin embargo, Fleming había  realizado el curso para él mismo y alcanzado metas propias. Tras un  intento de entrar en el servicio extranjero, Fleming se dirigió a la  profesión de su hermano. Siguiendo los pasos de Peter, Fleming se  convirtió en periodista, entrando en Reuters.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;La  fortuna familiar era inalcanzable para Ian hasta que su madre muriera o  se casara de nuevo, y ambas opciones eran poco probables. Fleming tomó  su decisión, dejando el periodismo. En uno de sus pocos compromisos,  Fleming, capitalizando el nombre de la familia, se unió a una firma  bancaria de Londres de la que esperaba le hiciese rico.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;En  1939, parece que a Fleming le aburre la rutinaria existencia del día a  día de un banquero. Las subidas y bajadas del mercado de valores  aparentemente no le dan suficiente intriga. Durante sus días en Reuters,  Fleming había hecho amistades en la oficina de exteriores, y las  mantenía incluso siendo banquero. En 1939, Fleming curiosamente cogió  una misión para el The Times en la que precisaba volver a Rusia en una  misión de comercio. Parece que Fleming, de hecho, estuvo todo el tiempo  espiando para la oficina de exteriores.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;En  mayo de 1939, Fleming empezó un acercamiento más formal al servicio de  inteligencia, trabajando para la inteligencia naval. Pronto fue el  asistente del director con el rango de Lugarteniente, y más tarde  Comandante. Fleming fue la mano derecha de uno de los mejores espías  británicos, el Almirante John Godfrey. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HTYYU3TOepI/TeDfcu18FFI/AAAAAAAAAIc/BmM29muaaZI/s1600/james-bond-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;La  guerra fue buena para Fleming, incentivando su imaginación, forzándose a  trabajar de forma disciplinaria. Fleming programó, elaboró, y llevó a  cabo peligrosas misiones. Desde la famosa Habitación 39 en el edificio  del Almirantazgo enWhitehall, Londres, Fleming esgrimió multitud de  ideas excéntricas sobre como confundir, vigilar, y enfurecer a los  Alemanes.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"&gt;Entrada  la guerra, Fleming fue puesto al mando de la Unidad de Asalto 30, un  grupo de comandos especialmente entrenados que eran enviados a  específicas misiones de inteligencia. Dichas misiones a menudo  implicaban trabajar tras las líneas enemigas asegurándose que los  Alemanes no tuvieran oportunidad de destruir sus valiosos archivos. La  Unidad de Asalto 30 tuvo un gran éxito. Fleming los enviaba a misiones  mientras él permanecía detrás de su escritorio en Londres. Sin embargo,  era su grupo, y sus éxitos le fueron atribuidos igualmente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Al terminar la guerra se fue a vivir a Jamaica donde empezó a escribir y creo al espía mas famoso de todos los tiempo James Bond&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HTYYU3TOepI/TeDfcu18FFI/AAAAAAAAAIc/BmM29muaaZI/s1600/james-bond-007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="213" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HTYYU3TOepI/TeDfcu18FFI/AAAAAAAAAIc/BmM29muaaZI/s320/james-bond-007.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-810695916654062431?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/810695916654062431/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/ian-lancaster-fleming-28-may-1908-12.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/810695916654062431'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/810695916654062431'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/ian-lancaster-fleming-28-may-1908-12.html' title='Ian Lancaster Fleming'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nAjM6zfSNSk/TeDelIFAylI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/O8Z-VGNW6f8/s72-c/2240_11732.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-8111714036220816197</id><published>2011-05-27T08:54:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-27T08:55:49.806+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 27'/><title type='text'>British Navy sinks the Bismarck</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=25159362001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=25159362001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 27 May 1941, the British navy sinks the German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic near France. The German death toll was more than 2,000.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On 14 February 1939, the 823-foot Bismarck was launched at Hamburg. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler hoped that the state-of-the-art battleship would herald the rebirth of the German surface battle fleet. However, after the outbreak of war, Britain closely guarded ocean routes from Germany to the Atlantic Ocean, and only U-boats moved freely through the war zone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In May 1941, the order was given for the Bismarck to break out into the Atlantic. Once in the safety of the open ocean, the battleship would be almost impossible to track down, all the while wreaking havoc on Allied convoys to Britain. Learning of its movement, Britain sent almost the entire British Home Fleet in pursuit. On 24 May, the British battle cruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales intercepted it near Iceland. In a ferocious battle, the Hood exploded and sank, and all but three of the 1,421 crewmen were killed. The Bismarck escaped, but because it was leaking fuel it fled for occupied France. On 26 May, it was sighted and crippled by British aircraft, and on 27 May three British warships descended on the Bismarck and finished it off.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i0k61dF5Q-w/Td9H8qm4yLI/AAAAAAAAAIM/dspoGdbbGHQ/s1600/bismarck_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="247" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i0k61dF5Q-w/Td9H8qm4yLI/AAAAAAAAAIM/dspoGdbbGHQ/s400/bismarck_001.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 26 May, it was sighted and crippled by British aircraft, and on 27 May three British warships descended on the Bismarck and finished it off."&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 27 May 1941, the British navy sinks the German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic near France."&gt;El 27 de mayo de 1941, la marina británica hundio el acorazado alemán Bismarck en el Atlántico Norte, cerca de Francia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The German death toll was more than 2,000."&gt;El número de muertos alemanes fue más de 2.000. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 14 February 1939, the 823-foot Bismarck was launched at Hamburg."&gt;El 14 de febrero de 1939, los 823 pies de Bismarck se puso en marcha en Hamburgo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Nazi leader Adolf Hitler hoped that the state-of-the-art battleship would herald the rebirth of the German surface battle fleet."&gt;El  líder nazi Adolf Hitler esperaba que el barco de guerra fuese el renacimiento de la flota de  batalla alemana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="However, after the outbreak of war, Britain closely guarded ocean routes from Germany to the Atlantic Ocean, and only U-boats moved freely through the war zone."&gt;Sin  embargo, después del estallido de la guerra, Gran Bretaña guardaba celosamente las rutas oceánicas de Alemania hasta el Océano Atlántico, y sólo  los submarinos almenaes se movían libremente por la zona de guerra. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In May 1941, the order was given for the Bismarck to break out into the Atlantic."&gt;En mayo de 1941, se dio la orden para el Bismarck de patrullar el Atlántico. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Once in the safety of the open ocean, the battleship would be almost impossible to track down, all the while wreaking havoc on Allied convoys to Britain."&gt;Una  vez en la seguridad de los mares, el acorazado sería casi imposible de  rastrear, Fue la mayor amenaza para los barcos aliados de  Gran Bretaña.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Learning of its movement, Britain sent almost the entire British Home Fleet in pursuit."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Learning of its movement, Britain sent almost the entire British Home Fleet in pursuit."&gt;Gran Bretaña envió casi la totalidad de su flota de Interior en su persecución. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 24 May, the British battle cruiser Hood and battleship Prince of Wales intercepted it near Iceland."&gt;El 24 de mayo, el crucero de batalla británico Hood y el acorazado Príncipe de Gales lo interceptaron cerca de Islandia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In a ferocious battle, the Hood exploded and sank, and all but three of the 1,421 crewmen were killed."&gt;En una batalla feroz, la capilla explotó y se hundió, y todos menos tres de los 1.421 miembros de la tripulación murieron. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The Bismarck escaped, but because it was leaking fuel it fled for occupied France."&gt;El Bismarck se escapó, pero con grandes daños en su deposito de combustible que le hicieron resguardase a la Francia ocupada. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="On 26 May, it was sighted and crippled by British aircraft, and on 27 May three British warships descended on the Bismarck and finished it off."&gt;El  26 de mayo, fue avistado y paralizado por aviones británicos y el 27 de  mayo tres buques de guerra británicos atacaron el Bismarck y lo hundieron. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-8111714036220816197?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/8111714036220816197/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/british-navy-sinks-bismarck.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8111714036220816197'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8111714036220816197'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/british-navy-sinks-bismarck.html' title='British Navy sinks the Bismarck'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-i0k61dF5Q-w/Td9H8qm4yLI/AAAAAAAAAIM/dspoGdbbGHQ/s72-c/bismarck_001.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-1492486497878940874</id><published>2011-05-26T10:32:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-26T10:33:09.257+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 26'/><title type='text'>Dracula goes on sale</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7Qp7ggGBhA/Td4FuKOiFEI/AAAAAAAAAIE/iDpImO8zkYw/s1600/Dracula1st.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7Qp7ggGBhA/Td4FuKOiFEI/AAAAAAAAAIE/iDpImO8zkYw/s320/Dracula1st.jpeg" width="217" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The first copies of the classic vampire novel ‘Dracula’, by Irish writer Bram Stoker, appear in London bookshops on this day in 1897.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An invalid as a child, Stoker grew up to become a football star at  Trinity College, Dublin. After graduation, he got a job in the civil  service at Dublin Castle, where he worked for the next 10 years while  writing drama reviews for the Dublin Mail on the side. In this way,  Stoker met the well-respected actor Sir Henry Irving,  who hired him as his manager. Stoker stayed in the post for most of the  next three decades, writing Irving's voluminous correspondence for him  and accompanying him on tours in the United States. Over the years,  Stoker began writing a number of horror stories for magazines, and in  1890 he published his first novel, ‘The Snake's Pass’.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stoker  would go on to publish 17 novels in all, but it was his 1897 novel  ‘Dracula’ that eventually earned him literary fame and became known as a  masterpiece of Victorian-era Gothic literature. Written in the form of  diaries and journals of its main characters, Dracula is the story of a  vampire who makes his way from Transylvania – a region of Eastern Europe  now in Romania – to Yorkshire, England, and preys on innocents there to  get the blood he needs to live. Stoker had originally named the vampire  "Count Wampyr." He found the name Dracula in a book on Wallachia and  Moldavia written by retired diplomat William Wilkinson, which he  borrowed from a Yorkshire public library during his family's vacations  there.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vampires – who left their burial places at night to  drink the blood of humans – were popular figures in folk tales from  ancient times, but Stoker's novel catapulted them into the mainstream of  20th-century literature. Upon its release, ‘Dracula’ enjoyed moderate  success, though when Stoker died in 1912 none of his obituaries even  mentioned Dracula by name.&lt;br /&gt;Sales began to take off in the 1920s,  when the novel was adapted for Broadway. Dracula mania kicked into even  higher gear with Universal's blockbuster 1931 film, directed by Tod  Browning and starring the Hungarian actor Bela Lugosi. Dozens of  vampire-themed movies, television shows and literature followed, though  Lugosi, with his exotic accent, remains the quintessential Count  Dracula. Late 20th-century examples of the vampire craze include the  bestselling novels of American writer Anne Rice and the cult hit TV  series ‘Buffy the Vampire Slayer’.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://3.gvt0.com/vi/V-vzjZenAQM/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/V-vzjZenAQM&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266" src="http://www.youtube.com/v/V-vzjZenAQM&amp;fs=1&amp;source=uds" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="26 May 1897 : ‘Dracula’ goes on sale"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title="more"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="An invalid as a child, Stoker grew up to become a football star at Trinity College, Dublin."&gt;Los  primeros ejemplares de la novela clásica de vampiros &lt;i&gt;'Drácula'&lt;/i&gt;, del  escritor irlandés Bram Stoker, aparecerá en las librerías de Londres en  este día del 1897. &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--1T7c3LKsGs/Td4MRcjAjiI/AAAAAAAAAII/oLnQgqj66KQ/s1600/Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/--1T7c3LKsGs/Td4MRcjAjiI/AAAAAAAAAII/oLnQgqj66KQ/s320/Stoker_Dracula_Notes_Personal.jpg" width="201" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="An invalid as a child, Stoker grew up to become a football star at Trinity College, Dublin."&gt;Stoker que siempre fue un niño muy enfermizo, creció hasta convertirse en una de las&amp;nbsp; estrellas del fútbol en el Trinity College de Dublín. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="After graduation, he got a job in the civil service at Dublin Castle, where he worked for the next 10 years while writing drama reviews for the Dublin Mail on the side."&gt;Después  de graduarse, consiguió un trabajo en el Castillo  de Dublín, donde trabajó durante 10 años mientras escribía  reseñas de teatro. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="In this way, Stoker met the well-respected actor Sir Henry Irving, who hired him as his manager."&gt;El actor Sir Henry Irving después de leer algunas de las obras de Stoker se reunió con él y lo contrató como manager. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Stoker stayed in the post for most of the next three decades, writing Irving's voluminous correspondence for him and accompanying him on tours in the United States."&gt;Stoker trabajó para Irving durante treinta años. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Over the years, Stoker began writing a number of horror stories for magazines, and in 1890 he published his first novel, 'The Snake's Pass'."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Over the years, Stoker began writing a number of horror stories for magazines, and in 1890 he published his first novel, 'The Snake's Pass'."&gt;Con  los años, Stoker empezó a escribir una serie de historias de terror  para revistas, y en 1890 publicó su primera novela, 'La serpiente de  paso'. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Stoker would go on to publish 17 novels in all, but it was his 1897 novel 'Dracula' that eventually earned him literary fame and became known as a masterpiece of Victorian-era Gothic literature."&gt;Stoker  llegaría a publicar 17 novelas en total, pero fue &lt;i&gt;'Drácula'&lt;/i&gt; escrita en 1897 la que&amp;nbsp; finalmente le valió la fama literaria y reconocimiento como  una obra maestra de la era victoriana, la literatura gótica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Written in the form of diaries and journals of its main characters, Dracula is the story of a vampire who makes his way from Transylvania – a region of Eastern Europe now in Romania – to Yorkshire, England, and preys on innocents there to get the blood"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Written in the form of diaries and journals of its main characters, Dracula is the story of a vampire who makes his way from Transylvania – a region of Eastern Europe now in Romania – to Yorkshire, England, and preys on innocents there to get the blood"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Drácula&lt;/i&gt; esta escrita  en forma de diarios y entrevistas de los personajes principales,&amp;nbsp;  es la historia de un vampiro que viaja de Transilvania (una  región de Europa del Este ahora en Rumanía ) a Yorkshire, Inglaterra, y  se alimenta bebiendo las sangres de las personas que va encontrando en su camino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="he needs to live."&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Stoker had originally named the vampire &amp;quot;Count Wampyr.&amp;quot;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Stoker had originally named the vampire &amp;quot;Count Wampyr.&amp;quot;"&gt;Stoker llamó al vampiro "conde Wampyr", lo cambio al &amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="He found the name Dracula in a book on Wallachia and Moldavia written by retired diplomat William Wilkinson, which he borrowed from a Yorkshire public library during his family's vacations there."&gt;Encontrar  el nombre de Drácula en un libro sobre Valaquia y Moldavia&amp;nbsp; escrito  por el ex diplomático William Wilkinson, que tomó prestado de una  biblioteca pública de Yorkshire durante unas vacaciones allí. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Vampires – who left their burial places at night to drink the blood of humans – were popular figures in folk tales from ancient times, but Stoker's novel catapulted them into the mainstream of 20th-century literature."&gt;Los Vampiros siempre fueron personajes mitológicos de las mas antiguas tradiciones europeas, pero la novela de Stoker les catapultó a  la corriente principal de la literatura del siglo 20. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Upon its release, 'Dracula' enjoyed moderate success, though when Stoker died in 1912 none of his obituaries even mentioned Dracula by name."&gt;Tras  su publicación, disfrutó de un éxito moderado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Sales began to take off in the 1920s, when the novel was adapted for Broadway."&gt;Las ventas comenzaron a despegar en la década de 1920, cuando la novela fue adaptada para Broadway. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Dracula mania kicked into even higher gear with Universal's blockbuster 1931 film, directed by Tod Browning and starring the Hungarian actor Bela Lugosi."&gt;La Draculamanía comenzó con el éxito de la película de 1931, dirigida por Tod Browning y protagonizada por el actor húngaro  Bela Lugosi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Dozens of vampire-themed movies, television shows and literature followed, though Lugosi, with his exotic accent, remains the quintessential Count Dracula."&gt;Luego se hicieron decenas de películas mas con la misma temática, aunque Lugosi, con su acento exótico, sigue siendo  la quintaesencia del Conde Drácula. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Late 20th-century examples of the vampire craze include the bestselling novels of American writer Anne Rice and the cult hit TV series 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer'."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Late 20th-century examples of the vampire craze include the bestselling novels of American writer Anne Rice and the cult hit TV series 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer'."&gt;Ejemplo  final del siglo 20 de la fiebre de los vampiros son las novelas  superventas de la escritora norteamericana Anne Rice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-1492486497878940874?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/1492486497878940874/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/dracula-goes-on-sale.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1492486497878940874'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/1492486497878940874'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/dracula-goes-on-sale.html' title='Dracula goes on sale'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x7Qp7ggGBhA/Td4FuKOiFEI/AAAAAAAAAIE/iDpImO8zkYw/s72-c/Dracula1st.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-3901361595071879715</id><published>2011-05-25T09:56:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-25T12:54:46.006+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 25'/><title type='text'>Towel Day and Geek Pride Day!!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DWczLOmGqVA/Tdzf5tmp2kI/AAAAAAAAAIA/fJtbwl15KEs/s1600/DiaToalla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DWczLOmGqVA/Tdzf5tmp2kI/AAAAAAAAAIA/fJtbwl15KEs/s400/DiaToalla.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://img.zonafandom.com/2008/05/DiaToalla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Towel Day&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;is celebrated every 25 May as a tribute by fans of the late author Douglas Adams.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towel_Day#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; On this day, fans carry a towel with them to demonstrate their love for the books and the author, as referenced in Adams's &lt;i&gt;The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy&lt;/i&gt;. The commemoration was first held in 2001, two weeks after Adams's death on 11 May 2001.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The original quotation that referenced the importance of towels is found in Chapter 3 of Adams's work &lt;i&gt;The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table align="center" class="cquote2" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-style: none;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: serif; font-size: 40px; font-weight: bold; padding: 10px; text-align: left;" valign="top" width="20"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td style="padding: 4px 10px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A towel, it says, is about  the most massively useful thing an interstellar hitchhiker can have.  Partly it has great practical value. You can wrap it around you for  warmth as you bound across the cold moons of Jaglan Beta; you can lie on  it on the brilliant marble-sanded beaches of Santraginus V, inhaling  the heady sea vapors; you can sleep under it beneath the stars which  shine so redly on the desert world of Kakrafoon; use it to sail a  miniraft down the slow heavy River Moth; wet it for use in  hand-to-hand-combat; wrap it round your head to ward off noxious fumes  or avoid the gaze of the Ravenous Bugblatter Beast of Traal (such a  mind-bogglingly stupid animal, it assumes that if you can't see it, it  can't see you); you can wave your towel in emergencies as a distress  signal, and of course dry yourself off with it if it still seems to be  clean enough. More importantly, a towel has immense psychological value. For some  reason, if a strag (strag: non-hitch hiker) discovers that a hitch hiker  has his towel with him, he will automatically assume that he is also in  possession of a toothbrush, face flannel, soap, tin of biscuits, flask,  compass, map, ball of string, gnat spray, wet weather gear, space suit  etc., etc. Furthermore, the strag will then happily lend the hitch hiker  any of these or a dozen other items that the hitch hiker might  accidentally have "lost". What the strag will think is that any man who  can hitch the length and breadth of the galaxy, rough it, slum it,  struggle against terrible odds, win through, and still knows where his  towel is, is clearly a man to be reckoned with.&lt;br /&gt;Hence a phrase that has passed into hitchhiking slang, as in "Hey,  you sass that hoopy Ford Prefect? There's a frood who really knows where  his towel is." (&lt;i&gt;Sass&lt;/i&gt;: know, be aware of, meet, have sex with; &lt;i&gt;hoopy&lt;/i&gt;: really together guy; &lt;i&gt;frood&lt;/i&gt;: really amazingly together guy.)&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.pluggd.in/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/geeks-play.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="267" src="http://www.pluggd.in/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/geeks-play.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Geek Pride Day&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;is an initiative which claims the right of every person to be a nerd or a geek. It has been celebrated on May 25 since 2006, celebrating the premiere of the first Star Wars film in 1977.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It shares the same day as three other science-fiction fan 'holidays' - Towel Day, for fans of the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Trilogy by Douglas Adams, Star Wars Day, and the Glorious 25 May, for fans of Terry Pratchett's Discworld.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2006, this day was celebrated for the first time all over Spain and on the Internet, thanks to the publicity given by some media.&lt;br /&gt;In 2008, Geek Pride Day crossed the Atlantic, and was officially  celebrated in America, where it was heralded by numerous bloggers,  coalescing around the launch of the GeekPrideDay website. Math author,  Euler Book Prize winner, and geek blogger John Derbyshire not only did a shout out, but announced &lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Day#cite_note-0"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  that he would be appearing in the Fifth Avenue parade, dressed as  number 57, on the prime number float - prompting some bloggers to say  they'd be looking for him.&lt;br /&gt;By 2009, acknowledgment of the day had reached the Science Channel, with special programming on May 25 to celebrate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A manifesto was created to celebrate the first Geek Pride Day which  included the following list of basic rights and responsibilities of  geeks.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20minutos.es_2-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Day#cite_note-20minutos.es-2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rights:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to be even geekier.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to not leave your house.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to not like football or any other sport.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to associate with other nerds.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to have few friends (or none at all).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to have as many geeky friends as you want.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to be out of style.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to be overweight and near-sighted.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to show off your geekiness.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;The right to take over the world.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;Responsibilities:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Be a geek, no matter what.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Try to be nerdier than anyone else.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;If there is a discussion about something geeky, you must give your opinion.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To save and protect all geeky material.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Do everything you can to show off geeky stuff as a "museum of geekiness."&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Don't be a generalized geek. You must specialize in something.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Attend every nerdy movie on opening night and buy every geeky book before anyone else.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wait in line on every opening night. If you can go in costume or at least with a related T-shirt, all the better.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Don’t waste your time on anything not related to geekdom.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Try to take over the world!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://gekkotaku.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/towelday.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="285" src="http://gekkotaku.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/towelday.jpeg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Día de la Toalla&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="Towel Day is celebrated every 25 May as a tribute by fans of the late author Douglas Adams.[1] On this day, fans carry a towel with them to demonstrate their love for the books and the author, as referenced in Adams's The Hitchhiker's Guide"&gt;El día de la Toalla  se celebra cada 25 de Mayo como&amp;nbsp; homenaje de los fans al fallecido  autor Douglas Adams.&amp;nbsp; En este día, los fans llevan una toalla con  ellos para demostrar su amor por los libros y el autor, como se indica  en el libro de Adams &lt;i&gt;"Guía del autoestopista &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="to the Galaxy."&gt;&lt;i&gt;galáctico"&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The commemoration was first held in 2001, two weeks after Adams's death on 11 May 2001."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The commemoration was first held in 2001, two weeks after Adams's death on 11 May 2001."&gt;La conmemoración se celebró por primera vez en 2001, dos semanas después de la muerte de Adams, el 11 de mayo de 2001.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box"&gt;&lt;span style="background-color: white;" title="The commemoration was first held in 2001, two weeks after Adams's death on 11 May 2001."&gt;La mencion de la toalla aparece en el capitulo tres con estas palabras:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;«Dice que una toalla es el objeto de mayor utilidad que  puede poseer un autoestopista interestelar. En parte, tiene un gran  valor práctico: uno puede envolverse en ella para calentarse mientras  viaja por las lunas frías de jaglan Beta; se puede tumbar uno en ella en  las refulgentes playas de arena marmórea de Santraginus V, mientras  aspira los vapores del mar embriagador; se puede uno tapar con ella   mientras duerme bajo las estrellas que arrojan un brillo tan purpúreo  sobre el desierto de Kakrafun; se puede usar como vela en una balsa  diminuta para navegar por el profundo y lento río Moth; mojada, se puede  emplear en la lucha cuerpo a cuerpo; envuelta alrededor de la cabeza,  sirve para protegerse de las emanaciones nocivas o para evitar la mirada  de la Voraz Bestia Bugblatter de Traal (animal sorprendentemente  estúpido, supone que si uno no puede verlo, él tampoco lo ve a uno; es  tonto como un cepillo, pero voraz, muy voraz); se puede agitar la toalla  en situaciones de peligro  como señal de emergencia, y, por supuesto,  se puede secar uno con ella si es que aún está lo suficientemente  limpia.&lt;br /&gt;Y lo que es más importante: una toalla tiene un enorme valor  psicológico. Por alguna razón, si un estraj (estraj: no autoestopista)  descubre que un autoestopista lleva su toalla consigo, automáticamente  supondrá que también está en posesión de cepillo de dientes, toallita  para lavarse la cara, jabón, lata de galletas, frasca, brújula, mapa,  rollo de cordel, rociador contra los mosquitos, ropa de lluvia, traje  espacial, etc. Además, el estraj prestará con mucho gusto al  autoestopista cualquiera de dichos artículos o una docena más que el  autoestopista haya "perdido" por accidente. Lo que el estraj pensará, es  que cualquier hombre que haga autoestop a todo lo largo y ancho de la  galaxia, pasando calamidades, divirtiéndose en los barrios bajos,  luchando contra adversidades tremendas, saliendo sano y salvo de todo  ello, y sabiendo todavía dónde está su toalla, es sin duda un hombre a  tener en cuenta.»&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.testblog.net/gallery2/d/2394-1/orgullo+friki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="277" src="http://www.testblog.net/gallery2/d/2394-1/orgullo+friki.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Día del orgullo Friki &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;El día del orgullo friki&lt;/b&gt; es una iniciativa popular que intenta reivindicar el derecho a ser friki de cualquier persona que lo desee. Este día se celebró por primera vez el 25 de mayo de 2006 en conmemoración del estreno oficial de &lt;i&gt;Star Wars: A New Hope&lt;/i&gt; en 1977. Desde entonces, se celebra cada año. Además, esta fecha coincide con el &lt;i&gt;Día de la toalla&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todo surgió cuando, en un foro de Internet  dedicado a Marvel, un usuario que se hacía llamar "El Señor Buebo"  discutió el hecho de que cualquier friki pudiera o no denominarse así; y  el deseo y derecho de los frikis y las "actividades" consideradas  frikis, como leer cómics o jugar a rol,  fueran reconocidas por la sociedad y no despreciadas. Así, con la  creación de este día, los frikis desean demostrar que no son un grupo  minoritario.&lt;br /&gt;Igualmente, un grupo de frikis creó un &lt;i&gt;manifiesto friki&lt;/i&gt;, con el fin de celebrar este día.  Sin embargo el manifiesto friki, aunque no la celebración, fue  criticado por muchas personas que se consideran frikis; ya que algunos  puntos creados en este manifiesto, hicieron que el día no fuese tomado  muy en serio principalmente por algunos medios de comunicación, y porque  consideraban que no representaba completamente a todas las personas que  se consideran frikis. Para corregir esos errores, posteriormente se  hicieron algunas modificaciones al manifiesto; pero aun así no todos los  frikis aceptan este manifiesto como algo representativos de este grupo.  Esto ya que aun indican que es autoofensivo y/o que aporta a la  discriminación más que al respeto de quienes se consideran dentro de  este grupo, y no ayuda a terminar con el estereotipo equivocado de los frikis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADa_del_Orgullo_Friki#cite_note-1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;El primer día de conmemoración se celebró en toda España y en Internet, después de que varios medios de comunicación, como los diarios El País y El Mundo dieran a conocer la iniciativa, aunque el apogeo fue en la madrileña Plaza del Callao (lugar donde se grabó una de las escenas más importantes de la película "El Día de la Bestia" de Álex de la Iglesia) donde un grupo de cosplayers se concentraron para celebrar su día, entre cánticos y un Pac-Man humano.  El ambiente friki en la capital siguió en aumento hasta la fiesta  conmemorativa que esa misma noche se celebró en un céntrico local,  impulsada por un portal de ocio. Acudieron participantes del Pac-Man,  frikis de nueva incorporación y multitud de curiosos. Informativos Telecinco cubrió el evento con una conexión en directo para su segunda edición.&lt;br /&gt;Al año siguiente, en 2007, la celebración contó con más apoyos por parte de instituciones oficiales tales como el Circo Price en Madrid, y se expandió por más puntos de España. Se celebraron actos oficiales en Pilar de la Horadada, Cádiz, Huesca, Calaf, Huelva y Valencia. Entre otras actividades, se presentó la película "Gritos en el pasillo".&lt;br /&gt;En 2008, la celebración llegó hasta los Estados Unidos y México, y en 2009 a Canadá.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Derechos y deberes del friki:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;DERECHOS DEL FRIKI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;01.- Derecho a ser el más friki.&lt;/div&gt;02.- Derecho a quedarse en casa.&lt;br /&gt;03.- Derecho a no tener pareja y/o, a ser virgen hasta la edad que sea.&lt;br /&gt;-3.1- Derecho a, si tiene pareja, intentar convertirla en friki.&lt;br /&gt;04.- Derecho a no disfrutar con el futbol ni con el deporte en general.&lt;br /&gt;05.- Derecho a asociaciarse con otros frikis.&lt;br /&gt;06.- Derecho a tener pocos amigos (o ninguno).&lt;br /&gt;-6.1-Derecho a tener todos los amigos frikis que se quiera.&lt;br /&gt;07.- Derecho a ir a la moda (ir con una camiseta de Homer siempre es ir a la moda).&lt;br /&gt;08.- Derecho al sobrepeso y a la miopía.&lt;br /&gt;09.- Derecho a exhibir el propio frikismo en cualquier circunstancia.&lt;br /&gt;10.- Derecho a dominar el Mundo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;DEBERES DEL FRIKI &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;(De obligado cumplimiento)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;01.- Ser friki, por encima de todo.&lt;/div&gt;02.- Intentar siempre, ser más friki que cualquier otro friki presente o pasado.&lt;br /&gt;03.- Si hay alguna discusión sobre algún tema friki, entrar a terciar con vehemencia e intentar sentar cátedra.&lt;br /&gt;04.- Salvaguardar todo el material friki de ‘ personas poco  aconsejables’ (niños, personas con el síndrome de la limpieza  compulsiva, hermanos con problemas económicos, etc...).&lt;br /&gt;05.- Hacer todo lo posible para exponer todo el material friki disponible, como si fuera el ‘ Tesoro Nacional del Frikismo’ .&lt;br /&gt;06.- El friki, teniendo derecho a ser friki de cuanto quiera, esta obligado a especializarse en un tema en particular.&lt;br /&gt;07.-Ir siempre a la primera sesión del día de estreno de cualquier  película friki y comprar antes que nadie los libros o DVDs frikis.&lt;br /&gt;08.- Esperar cola ante un estreno friki, aunque haya posibilidad de  telecompra de entradas. Y si es disfrazado o con camiseta friki, mejor.&lt;br /&gt;09.- No desprenderse nunca de ningún objeto relativo o perteneciente  al mundo friki, aunque sea un envoltorio arrugado, o una captura de  pantalla borrosa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;10.- Intentar dominar todo el planeta.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-3901361595071879715?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/3901361595071879715/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/towel-day-and-geek-pride-day.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3901361595071879715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/3901361595071879715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/towel-day-and-geek-pride-day.html' title='Towel Day and Geek Pride Day!!'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DWczLOmGqVA/Tdzf5tmp2kI/AAAAAAAAAIA/fJtbwl15KEs/s72-c/DiaToalla.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-6243540210845312298</id><published>2011-05-24T13:42:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-24T13:42:01.173+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 24'/><title type='text'>Brooklyn Bridge opens</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_wsU-2VyXy2s/S8YPNx9XYxI/AAAAAAAAABQ/QSE1dSC0Ql8/s1600/brooklyn-bridge-1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_wsU-2VyXy2s/S8YPNx9XYxI/AAAAAAAAABQ/QSE1dSC0Ql8/s400/brooklyn-bridge-1a.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The &lt;b&gt;Brooklyn Bridge&lt;/b&gt; is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. With a main span of 1,595.5&amp;nbsp;feet (486.3&amp;nbsp;m), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.&lt;br /&gt;Originally referred to as the &lt;b&gt;New York and Brooklyn Bridge&lt;/b&gt; and as the &lt;b&gt;East River Bridge&lt;/b&gt;, it was dubbed the &lt;b&gt;Brooklyn Bridge&lt;/b&gt; in a January 25, 1867 letter to the editor of the &lt;i&gt;Brooklyn Daily Eagle&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-4"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an iconic part of the New York skyline. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nhlsum_3-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-nhlsum-3"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nrhpinv_5-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-nrhpinv-5"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nrhpphotos_6-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-nrhpphotos-6"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brooklyn Bridge was initially designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling, who had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges, such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco, Texas, and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2mEOemJmE7E/S_nxdVv-sGI/AAAAAAAAAe8/JExBHqb0uRo/s1600/finish+bridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_2mEOemJmE7E/S_nxdVv-sGI/AAAAAAAAAe8/JExBHqb0uRo/s320/finish+bridge.jpg" width="217" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;While conducting surveys for the bridge project, Roebling sustained a  crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling. After  amputation of his crushed toes he developed a tetanus infection which left him incapacitated and soon resulted in his death, not long after he had placed his 32-year-old son Washington Roebling in charge of the project.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-8"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Washington Roebling also suffered a paralyzing injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after the beginning of construction on January 3, 1870.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dcs_9-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-dcs-9"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;This condition, first called "caisson disease" by the project physician Andrew Smith, afflicted many of the workers working within the caissons.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ASmith1886_10-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-ASmith1886-10"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-acottHx_11-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-acottHx-11"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;After Roebling's debilitating condition left him unable to physically supervise the construction firsthand, his wife Emily Warren Roebling stepped in and provided the critical written link between her husband and the engineers on site.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amazon.com_12-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-amazon.com-12"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Under her husband's guidance, Emily had studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and the intricacies of cable construction.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MWeigold_13-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-MWeigold-13"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DMcCullough_14-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-DMcCullough-14"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-15"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling helping to supervise the bridge's construction.&lt;br /&gt;When iron probes underneath the caisson found the bedrock  to be even deeper than expected, Roebling halted construction due to  the increased risk of decompression sickness. He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet (9&amp;nbsp;m) below it to be firm enough to support the tower base, and construction continued.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-16"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened  for use on May 24, 1883. The opening ceremony was attended by several  thousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the  occasion. President Chester A. Arthur and New York Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low  when they reached the Brooklyn-side tower. Arthur shook hands with  Washington Roebling at the latter's home, after the ceremony. Roebling  was unable to attend the ceremony (and in fact rarely visited the site  again), but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the  bridge opening. Further festivity included the performance of a band,  gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-reeves_17-0"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-reeves-17"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people  crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and  Brooklyn. Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge. The  bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6&amp;nbsp;inches (&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;486.3 m)&lt;/span&gt;. The bridge cost &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;$15.5 million&lt;/span&gt; to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-18"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;One week after the opening, on May 30, 1883, a rumor that the Bridge  was going to collapse caused a stampede, which crushed and killed at  least twelve people.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-19"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;  On May 17, 1884, P. T. Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the  bridge's stability—while publicizing his famous circus—when one of his  most famous attractions, Jumbo, led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-20"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-21"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-22"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-23"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tleft"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt; &lt;div class="magnify"&gt;&lt;a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg" title="Enlarge"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;At the time it opened, and for several years, it was the longest  suspension bridge in the world—50% longer than any previously built —  and it has become a treasured landmark. Since the 1980s, it has been  floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features. The towers  are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement. Their architectural style is neo-Gothic,  with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the  stone towers. The paint scheme of the bridge is "Brooklyn Bridge Tan"  and "Silver", although it has been argued that the original paint was "Rawlins Red".&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-24"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"&gt; &lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="378" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg/220px-BrooklynBridgeSchematic.jpg" width="220" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;At the time the bridge was built, the aerodynamics of bridge building had not been worked out. Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950s—well after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge  (Galloping Gertie) in 1940. It is therefore fortunate that the open  truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to  aerodynamic problems. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that  was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be. Because of this,  the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built  around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced. This  is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the  cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh—by  the time it was discovered, it was too late to replace the cabling that  had already been constructed. Roebling determined that the poorer wire  would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as  necessary, so it was eventually allowed to stand, with the addition of  250 cables. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck,  intended to stiffen the bridge. They turned out to be unnecessary, but  were kept for their distinctive beauty.&lt;br /&gt;After the collapse in 2007 of the I-35W highway bridge  in the city of Minneapolis, increased public attention has been brought  to bear on the condition of bridges across the US, and it has been  reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of  "poor" at its last inspection.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-25"&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman, "The poor  rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are some  components that have to be rehabilitated." A &lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;$725 million&lt;/span&gt; project to replace the approaches and repaint the bridge was scheduled to begin in 2009.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-26"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1978 book &lt;i&gt;The Great Bridge&lt;/i&gt; by David McCullough&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-amazon.com_12-1"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-amazon.com-12"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Brooklyn Bridge&lt;/i&gt; (1981), the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-27"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator.&lt;sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge#cite_note-28"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brooklyn_Bridge_night_lighted_1982.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Bridge_night_lighted_1982.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" class="thumbimage" height="312" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Brooklyn_Bridge_night_lighted_1982.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Bridge_night_lighted_1982.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El &lt;b&gt;Puente de Brooklyn&lt;/b&gt; (conocido inicialmente como "Puente de Nueva York y Brooklyn") une los distritos de Manhattan y de Brooklyn en la ciudad de Nueva York. Fue construido entre 1870 y 1883 y, en el momento de su inauguración era el puente colgante  más grande del mundo (mide 1825 metros de largo, y la luz entre pilas  es de 486,3&amp;nbsp;metros, récord de luz hasta que en 1889 se construye el Forth Bridge, con una luz máxima de 521&amp;nbsp;m. También fue el primero suspendido mediante cables de acero. Desde entonces, se ha convertido en uno de los símbolos más reconocibles de Nueva York.&lt;br /&gt;Es un emblema de la ingeniería del siglo XIX por lo innovador que fue  en aquel entonces el uso del acero como material constructivo a gran  escala. Está tan bien construido, que actualmente todavía se encuentra  en uso. Muchas de las fotografías tipo “skyline” (tipo horizonte) que  representan a la ciudad de Nueva York, son tomadas con base en la figura  del puente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El Puente fue diseñado por una firma de ingenieros propiedad de John Augustus Roebling, de Trenton (Nueva Jersey). Roebling y su firma habían construido anteriormente puentes colgantes más pequeños, como el Acueducto de Delaware en Lackawaxen (Pensilvania), el Puente Colgante de Cincinnati (Ohio) o el Puente Colgante de Waco (Texas), que sirvió como prototipo para el diseño final del Puente de Brooklyn.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Brooklyn_Bridge_in_New_York_City,_2002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Brooklyn_Bridge_in_New_York_City,_2002.jpg" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Durante el proceso de construcción, Roebling se fracturó gravemente un pie cuando un ferry chocó contra un muelle; pocas semanas más tarde, murió de tétanos  a causa de la amputación de los dedos del pie. Su hijo, Washington  Roebling, le sucedió en el cargo, pero sufrió una enfermedad causada por  su trabajo en los pozos de cimentación, el síndrome de descompresión o "enfermedad de los buzos". La esposa de Washington, Emily Warren Roebling, se convirtió en su ayudante, aprendiendo ingeniería  y comunicando las instrucciones de su marido a los ayudantes sobre el  terreno. Cuando el puente se abrió al público, ella fue la primera  persona en cruzarlo. Su marido en cambio raras veces visitó su obra, ya  que vivía en Trenton (Nueva Jersey),  durante el proceso de construcción. El puente es de estilo gótico, por  los arcos apuntados de las torres; durante muchos años estas fueron las  torres más altas de todo el hemisferio occidental.&lt;br /&gt;La construcción del Puente de Brooklyn comenzó el 3 de enero de 1870,  y concluyó trece años más tarde, el 24 de mayo de 1883, cuando fue  abierto al público. El primer día lo cruzaron un total de más de 1800  vehículos y 150.000 personas. En su construcción se gastaron 15,1  millones de dólares y murieron 27 personas.&lt;br /&gt;En marzo de 1994 el libanés Rashid Baz abrió fuego sobre una furgoneta ocupada por miembros del grupo ortodoxo judío Chabad-Lubavitch  mientras circulaban sobre el Puente de Brooklyn. Una de las víctimas,  Ari Halberstam, de 15 años, falleció en el hospital días después.  Aparentemente, Baz actuó movido por el deseo de vengar la matanza de Hebrón de 1994, en la que murieron 29 musulmanes. Baz fue condenado por asesinato a 141 años de cárcel; en el año 2000, su caso fue recalificado como "ataque terrorista". La rampa de acceso al Puente desde Manhattan lleva actualmente el nombre de Ari Halberstam.&lt;br /&gt;En 2003, un hombre llamado Iyman Faris fue condenado a veinte años de cárcel por suministrar información a Al-Qaida, después de que se descubriera una trama para hacer caer el puente de Brooklyn cortando sus cables metálicos con sopletes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Born This Day&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"&gt;Bob Dylan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-6243540210845312298?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/6243540210845312298/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/brooklyn-bridge-opens.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6243540210845312298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/6243540210845312298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/brooklyn-bridge-opens.html' title='Brooklyn Bridge opens'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_wsU-2VyXy2s/S8YPNx9XYxI/AAAAAAAAABQ/QSE1dSC0Ql8/s72-c/brooklyn-bridge-1a.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-2356610031496302119</id><published>2011-05-23T09:29:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-23T09:29:14.171+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 23'/><title type='text'>Bonnie and Clyde are shot to death</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Bonnieclyde_f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Bonnieclyde_f.jpg" width="244" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;On this day in 1934, notorious criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow  are shot to death by Texas and Louisiana state police while driving a  stolen car near Sailes, Louisiana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bonnie Parker met the  charismatic Clyde Barrow in Texas when she was 19 years old and her  husband (she married when she was 16) was serving time in jail for  murder. Shortly after they met, Barrow was imprisoned for robbery.  Parker visited him every day, and smuggled a gun into prison to help him  escape, but he was soon caught in Ohio and sent back to jail. When  Barrow was paroled in 1932, he immediately teamed up with Parker, and  the couple began a life of crime together.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After they stole a  car and committed several robberies, Parker was caught by police and  sent to jail for two months. Released in mid-1932, she rejoined Barrow.  Over the next two years, the couple teamed up with various accomplices  to rob a string of banks and stores across five states – Texas,  Oklahoma, Missouri, New Mexico and Louisiana. To law enforcement agents,  the Barrow Gang – including Barrow's childhood friend, Raymond  Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Henry Methvin, Barrow's brother Buck and his wife  Blanche, among others – were cold-blooded criminals who did not hesitate  to kill anyone who got in their way, especially the police or sheriff's  deputies. Among the public, however, Parker and Barrow's reputation as  dangerous outlaws was mixed with a romantic view of the couple as Robin  Hood-like folk heroes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Their fame was increased by the fact  that Bonnie was a woman – an unlikely criminal – and by the fact that  the couple posed for playful photographs together, which were later  found by police and released to the media. Police almost captured the  famous duo twice in the spring of 1933, with surprise raids on their  hideouts in Joplin and Platte City, Missouri. Buck Barrow was killed in  the second raid, and Blanche was arrested, but Bonnie and Clyde escaped  once again. In January 1934, they attacked the Eastham Prison Farm in  Texas to help Hamilton break out of jail, shooting several guards with  machine guns and killing one.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Texan prison officials hired a  retired Texas police officer, Captain Frank Hamer, as a special  investigator to track down Parker and Barrow. After a three-month  search, Hamer traced the couple to Louisiana, where Henry Methvin's  family lived. Before dawn on 23 May, Hamer and a group of Louisiana and  Texas lawmen hid in the bushes along a country road outside Sailes. When  Parker and Barrow appeared, the officers opened fire, killing the  couple instantly in a hail of bullets.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All told, the Barrow  Gang was believed responsible for the deaths of 13 people, including  nine police officers. Parker and Barrow are still seen by many as  romantic figures, however, especially after the success of the 1967 film  ‘Bonnie and Clyde’, starring Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde"&gt;&lt;b&gt;more about the life of Bonnie and Clyde&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=9,0,47,0" height="412" id="flashObj" width="486"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;param name="flashVars" value="videoId=25152821001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" /&gt;&lt;param name="base" value="http://admin.brightcove.com" /&gt;&lt;param name="seamlesstabbing" value="false" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="swLiveConnect" value="true" /&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /&gt;&lt;embed src="http://c.brightcove.com/services/viewer/federated_f9?isVid=1" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" flashVars="videoId=25152821001&amp;playerID=22268539001&amp;playerKey=AQ~~,AAAABSuB6rk~,bvP8ORzdajrCWjuyBUuI22emC2M-_6k_&amp;domain=embed&amp;dynamicStreaming=true" base="http://admin.brightcove.com" name="flashObj" width="486" height="412" seamlesstabbing="false" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowFullScreen="true" swLiveConnect="true" allowScriptAccess="always" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/index.cgi?P1_Prod_Version=ShockwaveFlash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://blueyonder.typepad.com/my_weblog/images/2007/09/09/bonnie_and_clyde_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://blueyonder.typepad.com/my_weblog/images/2007/09/09/bonnie_and_clyde_2.jpg" width="255" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="es"&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;En  este día en 1934, los criminales&amp;nbsp; Bonnie Parker y Clyde Barrow fueron abatidos a tiros por la policía de Texas y Louisiana,&amp;nbsp; mientras conducían un coche robado cerca de Sailes, Louisiana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Bonnie  Parker se reunió con el carismático Clyde Barrow en Texas cuando tenía  19 años y su marido (se casó cuando ella tenía 16 años) cumplía una  condena en la cárcel por asesinato. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Poco después de conocerse, Barrow fue encarcelado por robo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Parker  lo visitaba todos los días, y consiguió pasarle un arma para ayudarle a escapar, pero fue capturado en las afueras de Ohio y lo enviaron otra vez de vuelta a  la cárcel. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Cuando Barrow fue puesto en  libertad condicional en 1932, inmediatamente se asoció con Parker, y la  pareja comenzó una vida de crímenes juntos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Después  de que robaran un coche, Parker fue capturada  por la policía y enviada a la cárcel durante dos meses. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;En&amp;nbsp; 1932 salio de la cárcel y volvio a reunirse con Barrow. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Durante  los próximos dos años, la pareja se unió con varios cómplices para robar  una cadena de bancos y tiendas en cinco estados - Texas, Oklahoma,  Missouri, Nuevo México y Luisiana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Para  los agentes del orden, la banda de Barrow ( incluyendo amigo de la  infancia como, Hamilton Raymond Jones WD, Henry Methvin, y su hermano Buck  Barrow&amp;nbsp; con su&amp;nbsp; esposa Blanca, entre otros ) eran criminales de  sangre fría que no dudaban en matar a cualquiera que se interpusiera en su &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;camino, especialmente a la policía. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Entre  el público, sin embargo, la reputación de Parker y de Barrow como  peligrosos delincuentes se mezcló con una visión romántica de la pareja  como héroes populares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Su  fama se incrementó por el hecho de que Bonnie era una mujer - impensable para la época - y por el hecho de que la pareja posó para los  fotógrafos juntos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;La policía casi los capturo en dos ocasiones en la primavera de 1933, con  incursiones por sorpresa en sus escondites en Joplin y Platte City,  Missouri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Buck Barrow fue asesinado en el segundo asalto, y Blanca fue arrestada, pero Bonnie y Clyde se escaparon una vez más. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;En  enero de 1934, atacaron el Eastham la Granja Penal de Texas para ayudar  a Hamilton salir de la cárcel, disparando a varios guardias con  ametralladoras y matando a uno.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Los funcionarios  de prisiones de Texas contrataron a un oficial retirado de la policía de  Texas, el capitán Frank Hamer, un investigador especial para localizar a  Parker y Barrow. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Después de una búsqueda de tres meses, Hamer localizo a la pareja a Luisiana, donde la familia de Henry Methvin vivía. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Antes  del amanecer del 23 de mayo, Hamer y un grupo de representantes de la  ley de Louisiana y Texas se escondieron en los arbustos a lo largo de un  camino rural fuera de Sailes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Cuando Parker y Barrow aparición, los oficiales abrieron fuego, matando instantáneamente a la pareja en una lluvia de balas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;En total, la banda de Barrow se creía responsable de la muerte de 13 personas, incluidos nueve agentes de policía. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;Parker  y Barrow todavía mantienen la fama de figuras románticas, fama que creció especialmente después del éxito de 'Bonnie and Clyde' la  película de 1967, protagonizada por Faye Dunaway y Warren Beatty.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="long_text" id="result_box" lang="es"&gt;&lt;span title=""&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_y_Clyde"&gt;Más sobre la vida de&amp;nbsp; Bonnie and Clyde&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-2356610031496302119?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/2356610031496302119/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/bonnie-and-clyde-are-shot-to-death.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2356610031496302119'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/2356610031496302119'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/bonnie-and-clyde-are-shot-to-death.html' title='Bonnie and Clyde are shot to death'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-8967188521465358136</id><published>2011-05-22T15:51:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-22T15:56:01.767+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 22'/><title type='text'>Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="bps-ad-wrapper bps-advertisement-right bps-advertisement-rectangle-wrapper" id="1-RA"&gt;&lt;span class="bps-advertisement bps-advertisement-rectangle" data-options="{&amp;quot;vendor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;adtech&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;testVersion&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;C&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pid&amp;quot;:1371309,&amp;quot;cid&amp;quot;:170,&amp;quot;ifw&amp;quot;:300,&amp;quot;ifh&amp;quot;:250,&amp;quot;kvsource&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;literature&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;kvtopicid&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;170563&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;kvchannel&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ARTS&amp;quot;}"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;a href="http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/00/79800-003-B7B77E66.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.[Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" border="0" height="320" src="http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/00/79800-003-B7B77E66.gif" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.[Credit: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]" width="213" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class="srTitle"&gt;Sir Arthur Conan Doyle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;,&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;in full &lt;span class="alternate"&gt;Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;(born  May 22, 1859,&amp;nbsp;Edinburgh, Scot.—died July 7, 1930,&amp;nbsp;Crowborough, Sussex,  Eng.),&amp;nbsp;Scottish writer best known for his creation of the detective &lt;a class="bps-ref-anchor" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=4625488675772379109&amp;amp;postID=8967188521465358136" id="ref371" name="ref371"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sherlock Holmes—one of the most vivid and enduring characters in English fiction.&lt;br /&gt;Conan Doyle, the second of Charles Altamont and Mary Foley Doyle’s 10  children, began seven years of Jesuit education in Lancashire, Eng., in  1868. After an additional year of schooling in Feldkirch, Austria,  Conan Doyle returned to Edinburgh. Through the influence of Dr. Bryan  Charles Waller, his mother’s lodger, he prepared for entry into the  University of Edinburgh’s Medical School. He received Bachelor of  Medicine and Master of Surgery qualifications from Edinburgh in 1881 and  an M.D. in 1885 upon completing his thesis, “An Essay upon the  Vasomotor Changes in &lt;i&gt;Tabes Dorsalis&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;br /&gt;While  a medical student, Conan Doyle was deeply impressed by the skill of his  professor, Dr. Joseph Bell, in observing the most minute detail  regarding a patient’s condition. This master of diagnostic deduction  became the model for Conan Doyle’s literary creation, Sherlock Holmes,  who first appeared in &lt;i&gt;A Study in Scarlet&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;i&gt;Beeton’s Christmas Annual&lt;/i&gt; of 1887. Other aspects of Conan Doyle’s medical education and experiences appear in his semiautobiographical novels, &lt;i&gt;The Firm of Girdlestone&lt;/i&gt; (1890) and &lt;i&gt;The Stark Munro Letters&lt;/i&gt; (1895), and in the collection of medical short stories &lt;i&gt;Round the Red Lamp&lt;/i&gt;  (1894). His creation of the logical, cold, calculating Holmes, the  “world’s first and only consulting detective,” sharply contrasted with  the paranormal beliefs Conan Doyle addressed in a short novel of this  period, &lt;i&gt;The Mystery of Cloomber&lt;/i&gt; (1889). Conan Doyle’s early  interest in both scientifically supportable evidence and certain  paranormal phenomena exemplified the complex diametrically opposing  beliefs he struggled with throughout his life.&lt;br /&gt;Although  public clamour prompted him to continue writing Sherlock Holmes  adventures through 1926, Conan Doyle claimed the success of Holmes  overshadowed the merit he believed his other historical fiction  deserved, most notably his tale of 14th-century chivalry, &lt;i&gt;The White Company&lt;/i&gt; (1891), its companion piece, &lt;i&gt;Sir Nigel&lt;/i&gt; (1906), and his adventures of the Napoleonic war hero Brigadier Gerard and the 19th-century skeptical scientist Professor George Edward Challenger.&lt;br /&gt;When his passions ran high, Conan Doyle also turned to nonfiction. His subjects include military writings, &lt;i&gt;The Great Boer War&lt;/i&gt; (1900) and &lt;i&gt;The British Campaign in France and Flanders&lt;/i&gt;, 6 vol. (1916–20), the Belgian atrocities in the Congo in &lt;i&gt;The Crime of the Congo&lt;/i&gt; (1909), as well as his involvement in the actual &lt;span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3"&gt;criminal &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bps-ad-wrapper bps-advertisement-left bps-advertisement-rectangle-wrapper" id="2-LA"&gt;&lt;span class="bps-advertisement bps-advertisement-rectangle" data-options="{&amp;quot;vendor&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;adtech&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;testVersion&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;C&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pid&amp;quot;:-1,&amp;quot;cid&amp;quot;:170,&amp;quot;ifw&amp;quot;:300,&amp;quot;ifh&amp;quot;:250,&amp;quot;kvsource&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;literature&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;kvtopicid&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;170563&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;kvchannel&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ARTS&amp;quot;}"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; of George Edalji and Oscar Slater.&lt;br /&gt;Conan Doyle married Louisa Hawkins in 1885, and together they had two  children, Mary and Kingsley. A year after Louisa’s death in 1906, he  married Jean Leckie and with her had three children, Denis, Adrian, and  Jean. Conan Doyle was knighted in 1902 for his work with a field  hospital in Bloemfontein, S.Af., and other services during the South African (Boer) War.&lt;br /&gt;Conan Doyle himself viewed his most important efforts to be his campaign in support of spiritualism,  the religion and psychic research subject based upon the belief that  spirits of the departed continued to exist in the hereafter and can be  contacted by those still living. He &lt;span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD2"&gt;donated&lt;/span&gt; the majority of his literary efforts and &lt;span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4"&gt;profits&lt;/span&gt; later in his life to this campaign, beginning with &lt;i&gt;The New Revelation&lt;/i&gt; (1918) and &lt;i&gt;The Vital Message&lt;/i&gt; (1919). He later chronicled his travels in supporting the spiritualist cause in &lt;i&gt;The Wanderings of a Spiritualist&lt;/i&gt; (1921), &lt;i&gt;Our American Adventure&lt;/i&gt; (1923), &lt;i&gt;Our Second American Adventure&lt;/i&gt; (1924), and &lt;i&gt;Our African Winter&lt;/i&gt; (1929). He discussed other spiritualist issues in his &lt;i&gt;Case for Spirit Photography&lt;/i&gt; (1922), &lt;i&gt;Pheneas Speaks&lt;/i&gt; (1927), and a two-volume &lt;i&gt;The History of Spiritualism&lt;/i&gt;  (1926). Conan Doyle became the world’s most renowned proponent of  spiritualism, but he faced considerable opposition for his conviction  from the magician Harry Houdini  and in a 1920 debate with the humanist Joseph McCabe. Even  spiritualists joined in criticizing Conan Doyle’s article “The Evidence  for Fairies,” published in &lt;i&gt;The Strand Magazine&lt;/i&gt; in 1921, and his subsequent book &lt;i&gt;The Coming of the Fairies&lt;/i&gt;  (1922), in which he voiced support for the claim that two young girls,  Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths, had photographed actual fairies that  they had seen in the Yorkshire village of Cottingley.&lt;br /&gt;Conan Doyle died in Windlesham, his home in Crowborough, Sussex, and  at his funeral his family and members of the spiritualist community  celebrated rather than mourned the occasion of his passing beyond the  veil. On July 13, 1930, thousands of people filled London’s Royal Albert Hall for a séance during which Estelle Roberts, the spiritualist medium, claimed to have contacted Sir Arthur.&lt;br /&gt;Conan Doyle detailed what he valued most in life in his autobiography, &lt;i&gt;Memories and Adventures&lt;/i&gt; (1924), and the importance that books held for him in &lt;i&gt;Through the Magic Door&lt;/i&gt; (1907).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/51/12251-004-5AA009AD.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/51/12251-004-5AA009AD.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arthur Conan Doyle&lt;/b&gt; nació el 22 de mayo de 1859 en Edimburgo. Conan  Doyle fue enviado a la escuela preparatoria de los jesuitas en Hodder  Place, Stonyhurst,  a los nueve años. Allí concurrió hasta 1875. La infancia de Conan fue  "dura": su padre, como era alcohólico, se gastaba buena parte de su  sueldo en bebida, pues a la hora de llegar a casa siempre lo hacía  borracho. Entonces ,su madre, al ver que no recibía ningún tipo de  sueldo para poder ocuparse de sus hijos tuvo que ponerse a trabajar por  su cuenta, fue así como una mujer débil, se hizo más fuerte con el  tiempo y el sudor de su trabajo. Como Arthur era el mas pequeño de sus  hijos la madre de este quería lo mejor para él, pues poco después lo  internó en la escuela preparatoria de los jesuitas de Hodder Place.&lt;br /&gt;De 1876 a 1881 estudió medicina en la Universidad de Edimburgo, incluyendo un período de trabajo en la ciudad de Aston (actualmente un distrito de Birmingham - y en Sheffield.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;En 1881 se graduó como médico naval, aunque recibió su doctorado cuatro años después.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mientras estudiaba comenzó a escribir historias cortas: la primera apareció publicada en &lt;i&gt;Chambers's Edinburgh Journal&lt;/i&gt; antes de que cumpliera los 20 años.&lt;br /&gt;En junio de 1882 se mudó a Portsmouth, donde instaló una clínica.  Debido al poco éxito inicial de la misma, dedicó su tiempo libre a  escribir historias nuevamente. Mientras vivió en Portsmouth también jugó  al rugby profesionalmente, en &lt;i&gt;Portsmouth Association Football Club&lt;/i&gt;.  Doyle jugó 10 partidos en total, entre 1900 y 1907. Su máxima anotación  fue de 43, contra London County. Fue, también, el primer portero en la  historia del equipo de fútbol de la ciudad, equipo conocido con el  diminutivo de "Pompey". Asimismo, jugó golf y practicó boxeo.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Luego del período universitario se empleó como médico del buque SS &lt;i&gt;Mayumba&lt;/i&gt; en su viaje a las costas de África Occidental en 1885.&lt;br /&gt;En 1885, se casó con Louisa (Louise) Hawkins, conocida como "Touie",  quien sufrió de tuberculosis y murió el 4 de julio de 1906. Con ella  tuvo dos hijos, Mary Louise (1889-?) y Alleyne Kingsley (1892 – 1918).  Un año después, contrajo matrimonio con Jean Leckie, a quien había  conocido y enamorado en 1887, pero con quien mantuvo una relación  platónica mientras Louisa estuvo viva, como muestra de lealtad hacia  ella. Tuvo tres hijos más con Jean: Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy  Stewart (1909 – 1955), y Adrian Malcolm. Murió en Londres el 27 de junio  de 1940.&lt;br /&gt;En 1891, se mudó a Londres para practicar como oftalmólogo. En su  biografía, aclaró luego que ningún paciente entró a su clínica. Por lo  tanto, esto le dio más tiempo para escribir. En noviembre de ese año, le  escribió a su madre que quería "matar a Sherlock Holmes, ya que estaba  gastando su mente", a lo que su madre respondió: "la gente no lo va a  tomar de buena manera". Entonces, de esta forma, decidió dedicarle más  tiempo a cosas más "importantes", como sus novelas históricas.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;En 1900, escribió su libro más largo, &lt;i&gt;La guerra de los Bóers&lt;/i&gt;.  Ese mismo año, se presentó como candidato para la Unión Liberal; a pesar  de que era un candidato muy respetado, no fue elegido. Tras la Guerra de los Bóers) escribió un artículo, &lt;i&gt;La guerra en el sur de África: causas y desarrollo&lt;/i&gt;, justificando la participación de Gran Bretaña,  que fue ampliamente traducido. En su opinión, fue esto lo que provocó  que le nombraran [Caballero del Imperio Británico] en 1902 otorgándole  el tratamiento de Sir.&lt;br /&gt;En el transcurso de los años, se ha hecho famosa su afirmación acerca de un cuento de Robert Louis Stevenson (&lt;i&gt;El Pabellón de los Links&lt;/i&gt;), declarando que era la cima misma de la técnica narrativa. No recibió ningún premio a lo largo de toda su carrera.&lt;br /&gt;El escritor Sir Arthur Conan Doyle interpretó al conocido detective  llamado "Sherlock Holmes", junto a su compañero, el "Doctor Watson".  Holmes es el ejemplo por excelencia del investigador deductivo y  cerebral. Se destaca en sus historias por la capacidad para leer las  pistas y los indicios. Por ejemplo, en "Escándalo en Bohemia" (1892).&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Murió el 7 de julio de 1930, con 71 años, de un ataque al corazón, en  Crowborough (Inglaterra). Una estatua suya se encuentra en esa localidad  donde residió durante 23 años. Fue enterrado en el cementerio de la  iglesia de Minstead en New Forest, Hampshire. Una estatua de Sherlock Holmes fue erigida en Picardy Place, Edimburgo, cerca de donde nació Arthur Conan Doyle, ya que fue uno de los mejores escritores de detectives de la historia.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/4625488675772379109-8967188521465358136?l=mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/feeds/8967188521465358136/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/sir-arthur-conan-doyle-full-arthur.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8967188521465358136'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/4625488675772379109/posts/default/8967188521465358136'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/sir-arthur-conan-doyle-full-arthur.html' title='Sir Arthur Conan Doyle'/><author><name>Z. Alekai</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14599449913612627051</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_jsp_62l9WHc/Ssxorph7HsI/AAAAAAAAAB4/ilDCNE025tw/S220/Sin+t%C3%ADtulo-3.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4625488675772379109.post-339255434620486062</id><published>2011-05-21T16:39:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2011-05-21T16:50:17.378+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='May 21'/><title type='text'>21 de Mayo de 1879: Combate naval de Iquique ( español)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="231" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Combate_naval.jpg" width="400" /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://mybestfriendsbirthday.blogspot.com/2011/05/may-21-1879-battle-of-iquique-english.html"&gt;( go to English version)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;El &lt;b&gt;combate naval de Iquique&lt;/b&gt; fue un enfrentamiento naval de la Guerra del Pacífico. Tuvo lugar en la bahía de Iquique, el día miércoles 21 de mayo de 1879.&lt;br /&gt;En él se enfrentaron el monitor peruano &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; al mando del capitán de navío Miguel Grau Seminario y la corbeta chilena &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; al mando del capitán de fragata Arturo Prat Chacón, quien resultó muerto en esta acción. En Chile se considera únicamente a este enfrentamiento como &lt;b&gt;Combate naval de Iquique&lt;/b&gt; y tuvo como resultado el hundimiento de la corbeta chilena y el levantamiento del bloqueo del puerto de Iquique.&lt;br /&gt;En el Perú se considera al enfrentamiento hasta Punta Gruesa con un solo nombre llamado &lt;b&gt;Combate de Iquique&lt;/b&gt; incluyendo el enfrentamiento entre la fragata peruana &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; y la goleta chilena &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt; y tuvo como resultado el encallamiento de la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; en unos roqueríos.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Antecedentes"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Antecedentes"&gt;Antecedentes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Antes de la declaración de guerra, los chilenos decidieron atacar y  el gobierno chileno decidió como estrategia movilizar su escuadra para  bloquear el puerto peruano del Callao,  esperando así encerrar allí a la escuadra del Perú para operar  libremente en el litoral peruano o bien destruirla en un combate si se  presentaba la ocasión. El contraalmirante Juan Williams Rebolledo,  comandante en jefe de la escuadra chilena, rechazó este plan por  considerar que sus naves no estaban en condiciones de emprender un  ataque inmediato a El Callao pues carecía de víveres y combustible para  la travesía. En su lugar, Williams prefirió bloquear el puerto de Iquique y desde allí hostilizar los puertos peruanos del Departamento de Tarapacá. La escuadra chilena parte el 3 de abril desde Antofagasta con destino a Iquique para establecer el bloqueo.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/h2&gt;Chile declara la guerra al Perú y a Bolivia el sábado 5 de abril de 1879 y ese mismo día la escuadra chilena inicia el bloqueo del puerto de Iquique...&lt;br /&gt;La escuadra chilena incursionó en los poblados peruanos de Pabellón de Pica, Huanillos (15 de abril) y Mollendo (17 de abril) bombardeando trenes y naves; luego bombardeó Pisagua (18 de abril) y destruyó Mejillones (29 de abril).&lt;br /&gt;Debido a la presión del gobierno chileno, Williams es convencido de  atacar el puerto del Callao. Para tal efecto, la escuadra chilena zarpó  desde Iquique el viernes 16 de mayo en una expedición al Callao con todos los buques disponibles dejando el bloqueo de Iquique a cargo de los buques más antiguos de la escuadra chilena la corbeta &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; al mando de Arturo Prat, la goleta &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;, al mando de Carlos Condell y el transporte &lt;i&gt;Lamar&lt;/i&gt;. Debido a su mayor antigüedad, Prat quedó como jefe del bloqueo.&lt;br /&gt;Para defender a las localidades peruanas del ataque chileno, el plan  del Perú era terminar en El Callao las reparaciones de las naves de su  escuadra y trasladar tropas y pertrechos hacia Arica, Iquique y demás puertos del Departamento de Tarapacá y enviar naves para traer desde Panamá armamento y municiones adquiridos en los Estados Unidos. Los comandantes peruanos Grau, More, y García y García, entre otros, estuvieron en desacuerdo con este plan ya que la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; estaba recién reparada y su tripulación no había hecho ejercicios navales mientras que el &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; no contaba con proyectiles capaces de penetrar el blindaje de los buques chilenos &lt;i&gt;Cochrane&lt;/i&gt; y &lt;i&gt;Blanco Encalada&lt;/i&gt;. A pesar de esta oposición, la escuadra peruana zarpó el mismo 16 de mayo desde El Callao hacia Arica llevando a bordo al presidente Mariano Ignacio Prado en la nave insignia &lt;i&gt;Oroya&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Ambas escuadras se cruzaron en alta mar sin avistarse. En Mollendo el presidente Prado se enteró, por medio del vapor &lt;i&gt;Ilo&lt;/i&gt; de la compañía PSNC, de que el grueso de la escuadra chilena se había retirado. En Arica se entera que habían dejado a las naves &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; y un transporte a cargo del bloqueo de Iquique por lo que el presidente Prado decidió que el &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; y la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; navegaran hasta Iquique a romper el bloqueo, capturando o destruyendo a los buques chilenos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Movimientos_previos_al_combate"&gt;Movimientos previos al combate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbcaption"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;En la mañana del miércoles 21 de mayo, el bloqueo de Iquique era mantenido por la corbeta &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; y la goleta &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt; fondeadas ambas a 2,7 km al norte del faro del puerto. Por su parte el transporte &lt;i&gt;Lamar&lt;/i&gt; se encontraba fondeado más cerca de la costa. A las seis y media de la mañana uno de los vigías de la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;,  la cual se encontraba de guardia, avistó columnas de humo acercándose  desde el norte. Al reducirse la distancia, se identificó que dichas  columnas de humo correspondían a los blindados peruanos &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; e &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt;. El comandante de la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;, ordenó advertir la presencia del enemigo al comandante de la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt;,  Arturo Prat, con un cañonazo. Este, al escuchar la señal dispuso levar  el ancla, hacer comer a la tripulación y tocar zafarrancho de combate.  Además ordenó que la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt; se pusiera al habla para conferenciar y que se arrojara al mar, en un saco, la correspondencia para la escuadra chilena.&lt;br /&gt;Los buques peruanos, al avistar las naves chilenas, izaron bandera de  combate. El Huáscar se encontraba más cerca al puerto. El comandante  Grau arengó a su tripulación:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:M_Grau%282%29.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/M_Grau%282%29.jpg/200px-M_Grau%282%29.jpg" width="137" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;"Tripulantes del  Huáscar: Estamos a la vista de Iquique. Allí no solo están nuestros  afligidos compatriotas de Tarapacá. Allí está el enemigo de la patria  todavía impune. Ha llegado la hora de castigarlo. Espero que lo sabréis  hacer cosechando nuevos laureles y nuevas glorias dignas de brillar al  lado de Junín, Ayacucho, Abtao y el 2 de Mayo. ¡Viva el Perú!"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;En 1866, cuatro naves peruanas defendieron posiciones chilenas en el canal de Challahué junto a la isla de Chiloé en el Combate de Abtao contra fuerzas españolas en la Guerra Hispano-Sudamericana.&lt;br /&gt;Por su parte, Prat ordenó izar las señales: "reforzar las cargas",  "venir al habla" y "seguir mis aguas" y a continuación arengó a su  tripulación con las siguientes palabras:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="citado" style="margin: 1em 4em 1em;"&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Arturo_Prat.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arturo_Prat.jpg/200px-Arturo_Prat.jpg" width="147" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;"¡Muchachos!: La  contienda es desigual, pero ánimo y valor. Nunca se ha arriado nuestra  bandera ante el enemigo y espero que no sea ésta la ocasión de hacerlo.  Por mi parte, os aseguro, que mientras yo viva, esa bandera flameará en  su lugar y si yo muero, mis oficiales sabrán cumplir con su deber ¡Viva  Chile!".&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Terminada la arenga, la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt; llegó al habla y Prat le  ordenó a Condell: "¡que almuerce la gente!, ¡reforzar las cargas!, ¡cada  uno a cumplir con su deber!". Condell simplemente respondió: "¡all  right!". Terminado lo anterior se sintió una explosión y una columna de  agua y espuma se levantó cerca de ambos buques, el Huáscar había  disparado su primer tiro. Se iniciaba el combate.&lt;br /&gt;En tierra, la población puerto despertó con el primer cañonazo de la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt; y se dirigió a la playa para recibir a las naves peruanas que venían a liberarlos del bloqueo de Iquique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Primera_fase_del_combate"&gt;Primera fase del combate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;El transporte chileno &lt;i&gt;Lamar&lt;/i&gt; izó bandera norteamericana y abandonó la bahía rumbo al sur. Durante 30 minutos el Huáscar se enfrentó solo a las dos naves chilenas, hasta la llegada de la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt;. Los buques chilenos concentraron sus tiros sobre el &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; sin mayores consecuencias.&lt;br /&gt;Los movimientos iniciales de la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; hicieron que averiaran sus calderas lo que redujo su andar desde los 6 kn a 3 kn. En atención a esto, Prat ubicó su nave frente a la población a distancia de 200 metros de la playa.  En esta situación los cañonazos peruanos podrían afectar a la población  y sumado a que las naves peruanas se encontraban en la entrada al  puerto, el oleaje del mar no les permitía dirigir adecuadamente sus  disparos.&lt;br /&gt;Después de una hora de combate, las cuatro naves no presentaban daños  importantes. A eso de las 11:30 horas la Covadonga, al mando de  Condell, se dirigió al sur.&lt;br /&gt;Grau ordena al comandante de la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; que siga a la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;,  la que puso rumbo al sur navegando pegada a la costa. En ese instante  el combate se dividió en dos enfrentamientos, uno entre el &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; y la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; y el otro, que los historiadores chilenos denominarían combate naval de Punta Gruesa, entre la &lt;i&gt;Independencia&lt;/i&gt; y la &lt;i&gt;Covadonga&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="editsection"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline" id="Segunda_fase_del_combate"&gt;Segunda fase del combate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class="thumb tright"&gt;&lt;div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a class="image" href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Prat_Muerte.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="292" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Prat_Muerte.jpg/200px-Prat_Muerte.jpg" width="200" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Cuando el &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; se encontraba a unos 600 metros de la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt;, un bote se le acercó, en él iba el capitán de puerto y de corbeta, Salomé Porras, junto al práctico  Guillermo Checlay y el periodista Modesto Molina, quienes le informaron  a Grau que la Esmeralda estaba protegida por una línea de torpedos fijos. Ante esta información, Grau decidió mantener una distancia de 500 metros de la corbeta, posición desde la cual abrió fuego.&lt;br /&gt;Pasada una hora y media de combate, la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt; no había sido impactada por ningún proyectil del &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt;, sus tiros pasaban largos cayendo en la playa e hiriendo a la población. Cerca de las diez de la mañana, el general Juan Buendía,  jefe de las tropas peruanas en Iquique, hizo llevar a la playa 4  cañones Blakely de montaña con los cuales empezó a disparar contra la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt;.  Una granada mató a tres hombres y otra hirió a otros tres. En total  realizó 60 tiros y varios de fusilería. La situación se tornó  insostenible para la corbeta chilena por lo que Prat decidió cambiar su  ubicación 1.000 metros más al norte. Cuando iniciaba el movimiento una  granada del &lt;i&gt;Huáscar&lt;/i&gt; penetró por su costado de babor saliendo por  estribor provocando un incendio en la cámara de oficiales que fue  prontamente controlado.&lt;br /&gt;Grau, al observar el movimiento de la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt;, se dio cuenta de que la información de la defensa con torpedos era errónea, por lo que decidió atacar empleando su espolón. Enfiló su proa hacia el costado de babor de la &lt;i&gt;Esmeralda&lt;/i&gt;.  Prat trató de esquivar el golpe dando avante y
