Federico García Lorca ( Español)

(English)
Federico García Lorca (Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, 5 de junio de 1898 – entre Víznar y Alfacar, ibídem, 19 de agosto de 1936) fue un poeta, dramaturgo y prosista español, también conocido por su destreza en muchas otras artes. Adscrito a la llamada Generación del 27, es el poeta de mayor influencia y popularidad de la literatura española del siglo XX. Como dramaturgo, se le considera una de las cimas del teatro español del siglo XX, junto con Valle-Inclán y Buero Vallejo.

 

Biografía

Nació en el municipio de Fuente Vaqueros, Granada (España), en el seno de una familia de posición económica desahogada, el 5 de junio de 1898, y fue bautizado con el nombre de Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca; su padre fue Federico García Rodríguez, un hacendado, y su madre, Vicenta Lorca es la segunda mujer de su padre  , maestra de escuela que fomentó el gusto literario de su hijo.
Desde los 2 años, según uno de sus biógrafos, Edwin Honig, Federico García Lorca mostró su habilidad para aprender canciones populares, y a muy tierna edad escenificaba en miniatura oficios religiosos. Su salud fue frágil y no empezó a caminar hasta los cuatro años. Leyó en su casa la obra de Víctor Hugo y de Miguel de Cervantes. Como estudiante fue algo irregular. De niño lo pusieron bajo la tutela del maestro Rodríguez Espinosa, en Almería, ciudad en la que residió con su familia entre 1906 y 1909. Inició el bachillerato de vuelta a su provincia natal y abandonó la Facultad de Derecho de Granada para instalarse en la Residencia de Estudiantes de Madrid (1918–1928); pasado un tiempo, regresó a la Universidad de Granada, donde se licenció en Derecho, aunque nunca ejerció la abogacía, puesto que su vocación era la literatura.

La ubicación meridional de Granada, donde se encontraba viva la herencia mora, el folclore, el oriente y una geografía agreste, quedó impresa en toda su obra poética, donde los romanceros y la épica se funden de manera perceptible. Después de su madre, fue Fernando de los Ríos quien estimuló el talento del entonces pianista en favor de la poesía; así, en 1917 escribió su primer artículo sobre José Zorrilla, en su aniversario.
La España de García Lorca era la de la Edad de Plata, heredera de la Generación del 98, con una rica vida intelectual donde los nombres de Francisco Giner de los Ríos, Benito Pérez Galdós, Miguel de Unamuno y, poco después, Salvador de Madariaga y José Ortega y Gasset imprimían el sello distintivo de una crítica contra la realidad de España.
Influyeron, además, en la sensibilidad del poeta en formación Lope de Vega, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Antonio Machado, Manuel Machado, Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Azorín y el Cancionero popular.

 

Juventud y primeras obras

En 1918 publicó su primer libro Impresiones y paisajes, costeado por su padre. En 1920 se estrenó en teatro su obra El maleficio de la mariposa, en 1921 se publicó Libro de poemas, y en 1923 se pusieron en escena las comedias de títeres La niña que riega la Albahaca y El príncipe preguntón. En 1927, en Barcelona, expuso su primera muestra pictórica.
En esta época frecuentó activamente a los poetas de su generación que permanecen en España, en torno a la Residencia de Estudiantes: Jorge Guillén, Pedro Salinas, Gerardo Diego, Dámaso Alonso, Rafael Alberti, y sobre todo Buñuel y Dalí, a quien después le dedicó la Oda a Salvador Dalí. El pintor, por su parte, pintó los decorados del primer drama del granadino: Mariana Pineda. En 1928 publicó la revista literaria Gallo, de la cual salieron solamente dos números.
En 1929 marchó a Nueva York. Para entonces se habían publicado, además de los antes mencionados, sus libros Canciones (1927) y Primer romancero gitano (1928). Esta última es su obra más popular y accesible. A García le molestaba mucho que el público lo viera como gitano.

 

Viaje a Nueva York

De su viaje y estancia en Nueva York surge el libro Poeta en Nueva York. En 1930 fue a La Habana, donde escribió parte de sus obras Así que pasen cinco años y El público. Ese año regresó a España, donde fue recibido en Madrid con la noticia de que su farsa popular La zapatera prodigiosa se estaba escenificando.

Lorca y Dalí

 

La Segunda República y «La barraca»

Al instaurarse la Segunda República española, Fernando de los Ríos fue nombrado Ministro de Instrucción Pública. Bajo el patrocinio oficial, se encargó a Lorca la co-dirección de la compañía estatal de teatro «La Barraca», donde disfrutó de todos los recursos para producir, dirigir, escribir y adaptar algunas obras teatrales del Siglo de Oro español. Escribió en este período Bodas de sangre, Yerma y Doña Rosita la soltera.
En 1933 viajó a la Argentina de la Década Infame para promover la puesta en escena de algunas de sus obras por la compañía teatral de Lola Membrives y para dictar una serie de conferencias, siendo su estancia un éxito: a manera de ejemplo, su puesta de La dama boba —durante años olvidada, descubierta, editada y reeditada por la Universidad de La Rioja —, de Lope de Vega, atrajo a más de sesenta mil personas. Co-fundador el 11 de febrero de 1933 de la Asociación de Amigos de la Unión Soviética, creada en unos tiempos en que la derecha sostenía un tono condenatorio en relación a los relatos sobre las conquistas y los problemas del socialismo en la URSS. Entre este año y 1936 escribió Diván de Tamarit, Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, que conmovió al mundo hispano, La casa de Bernarda Alba y trabajaba ya en La destrucción de Sodoma cuando estalló la Guerra Civil española.

 

Guerra Civil y asesinato

Colombia y México, cuyos embajadores previeron que el poeta pudiera ser víctima de un atentado debido a su puesto de funcionario de la República, le ofrecieron el exilio, pero Lorca rechazó las ofertas y se dirigió a su casa en Granada para pasar el verano.
En esos momentos políticos alguien le preguntó sobre su preferencia política y él manifestó que se sentía a su vez católico, comunista, anarquista, libertario, tradicionalista y monárquico. De hecho nunca se afilió a ninguna de las facciones políticas y jamás discriminó o se distanció de ninguno de sus amigos, por ninguna cuestión política. Tuvo una gran amistad con el líder y fundador de la Falange Española, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, muy aficionado a la poesía. El propio Lorca decía de él:

...José Antonio. Otro buen chico. ¿Sabes que todos los viernes ceno con él? Solemos salir juntos en un taxi con las cortinillas bajadas, porque ni a él le conviene que le vean conmigo ni a mí me conviene que me vean con él.

Se sentía, como él lo dijo en una entrevista a El Sol de Madrid poco antes de su muerte, íntegramente español.

Yo soy español integral y me sería imposible vivir fuera de mis límites geográficos; pero odio al que es español por ser español nada más, yo soy hermano de todos y execro al hombre que se sacrifica por una idea nacionalista, abstracta, por el sólo hecho de que ama a su patria con una venda en los ojos. El chino bueno está más cerca de mí que el español malo. Canto a España y la siento hasta la médula, pero antes que esto soy hombre del mundo y hermano de todos. Desde luego no creo en la frontera política.

Tras una denuncia anónima, el 16 de agosto de 1936 fue detenido en la casa de uno de sus amigos, el también poeta Luis Rosales, quien obtuvo la promesa de las autoridades nacionales de que sería puesto en libertad «si no existía denuncia en su contra». La orden de ejecución fue dada por el gobernador civil de Granada, José Valdés Guzmán, quien había ordenado al ex diputado de la CEDA Ramón Ruiz Alonso la detención del poeta.
Las últimas investigaciones, como la de Manuel Titos Martínez, determinan que fue fusilado la madrugada del 18 de agosto de 1936, seguramente por cuestiones territoriales, ya que algunos caciques, muy conservadores, tenían rencor al padre de Lorca porque era un cacique progresista. En una entrevista al diario El Sol había declarado que «en Granada se agita la peor burguesía de España», y eso fue su sentencia de muerte. Federico García Lorca fue ejecutado en el camino que va de Víznar a Alfacar, y su cuerpo permanece enterrado en una fosa común anónima en algún lugar de esos parajes con el cadáver de un maestro nacional, Dióscoro Galindo, y los de los banderilleros Francisco Galadí y Joaquín Arcollas, ejecutados con él. La fosa se encuentra en el paraje de Fuente Grande, en el municipio de Alfacar, provincia de Granada (España). El escritor, autor del "Romancero Gitano" fue ejecutado por ser republicano y homosexual, considerado en esa época como un delito imperdonable.
H. G. Wells envía el siguiente despacho a las autoridades militares de Granada:

H. G. Wells, presidente Pen Club de Londres, desea con ansiedad noticias de su distinguido colega Federico García Lorca, y apreciará grandemente la cortesía de una respuesta.

cuya respuesta fue la siguiente:

Coronel gobernador de Granada a H. G. Wells.—Ignoro lugar hállase D. Federico García Lorca.—Firmado: Coronel Espinosa.

Después de su muerte se publicaron Primeras canciones, Amor de Don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín. Antonio Machado escribió el poema "El crimen fue en Granada" en 1937 al tema de la muerte de Lorca.
En 2009, en aplicación de la ley para la recuperación de la memoria histórica aprobada por el gobierno de José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, se decide abrir la fosa donde supuestamente descansaban los restos del poeta. Aun así, no se encontró nada.

Federico García Lorca ( English)

 (Español)

Federico García Lorca ( 5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936) was a Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27. He is believed to be one of thousands who were summarily shot by anti-communist death squads during the Spanish Civil War. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into Lorca's death. The Garcia Lorca family eventually dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar. However, no human remains were found.

 

Early years

García Lorca was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town a few miles west of Granada, southern Spain. His father, Federico Garcia Rodriguez, was a landowner with a farm in the fertile vega surrounding Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. Rodriguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar industry. García Lorca's mother, Vincenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher and gifted pianist. In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing in the country. In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended Sacred Heart University. During this time his studies included law, literature and composition. Throughout his adolescence he felt a deeper affinity for theatre and music than literature, training fully as a classical pianist, his first artistic inspirations arising from the scores of Debussy, Chopin and Beethoven. Later, with his friendship with composer Manuel de Falla Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not begin a career in writing until his piano teacher died in 1916 and his first prose works such as "Nocturne", "Ballade" and "Sonata" drew on musical forms. His milieu of young artists gathered in El Rinconcillo at the cafe Alameda in Granada. During 1916 and 1917, García Lorca traveled throughout Castile, Léon, and Galicia, in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, Impresiones y Paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes – published 1918). Don Ferdnando de los Rios persuaded García Lorca's parents to allow the boy to enrol at the progressive, Oxbridge-inspired Residencia de estudiantes in Madrid in 1919.

 

As a young writer

At the Residencia de estudiantes in Madrid García Lorca befriended Manuel de Falla, Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain. He was taken under the wing of the poet Juan Ramon Jimenez, becoming close to playwright Eduardo Marquina and

Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava. In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, El maleficio de la mariposa (The Butterfly's Evil Spell). It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that Mariana Pineda, written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During the time at the Residencia de estudiantes he pursued degrees in law and philosophy though he had more interest in writing than study.

García Lorca's first book of poems was published in 1921, collecting work written from 1918 and selected with the help of his brother Francisco. They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation and nature that had filled his prose reflections. Early in 1922 at Granada García Lorca joined the composer Manuel de Falla in order to promote the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a festival dedicated to enhance flamenco performance. The year before Lorca had begun to write his Poema del cante jondo (Poem of the deep song, not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of flamenco, and began to speak publicly in support of the Concurso. At the music festival in June he met the celebrated Manuel Torre, a flamenco cantaor. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children, adapted by Lorca from an Andalucian story. Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as "Deep song", his collection Suites (1923) was never finished and not published until 1983.

Lorca and Dalí

Over the next few years García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's avant-garde. He published poetry collections including Canciones (Songs) and Romancero Gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), which became his best known book of poetry. It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were still being told through out the Spanish countryside. Philologists such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal worked with him to collect versions from the south, many in existence since the middle ages. García Lorca describes the work as a "carved altar piece" of Andalusia with "gypsies, horses, archangels, planets, its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of Córdoba. A book that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden Andalusia trembles". In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world, and he only gained notability as a playwright much later. For the rest of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the "picturesque" or the cliched use of "local colour".
His second play Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927. In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.

From 1925 to 1928 he was passionately involved with Dalí. The friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion, but Dalí (decades later) rejected the erotic advances of the poet. With the success of "Gypsy Ballads", came an estrangement from Dali and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor Emilio Soriano Aladrén. These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his homosexuality. He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could only acknowledge in private. He also had the sense that he was being pigeon-holed as a "gypsy poet". He wrote "The gypsies are a theme. And nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I’m not. I don't want to be typecast". Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself. At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to take a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929–30.

In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to America with Fernando de los Rios on the SS Olympic, a sister liner to the Titanic. They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca studied at Columbia University School of General Studies, funded by his parents. He studied English but as before, was more absorbed by writing than study. He also spent time in Vermont and later Havana, Cuba. His collection Poeta en Nueva York (A poet in New York, published posthumously in 1942) explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was influenced by the Wall Street crash which he personally witnessed. This condemnation of urban capitalist society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his earlier work and label as a folklorist. His play of this time El Público (The Public) was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety, the manuscript lost.However, several of his personal letters are housed at The Hispanic Society of America in New York City.

 

The Republic

García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the re-establishment of the Spanish Republic. In 1931, García Lorca was appointed as director of a university student theatre company, Teatro Universitario la Barraca (The Shack). This was funded by the Second Republic's Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's remotest rural areas in order to introduce audiences to radically modern interpretations of classic Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes or ears or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back to them". His experiences of travelling through impoverished rural Spain and New York, (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African American population), had radicalised him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action. He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter a free forum where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart".
While touring with La Barraca, García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the Rural Trilogy of Bodas de Sangre (Blood Wedding), Yerma and La Casa de Bernarda Alba (The House of Bernarda Alba), which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society. He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, “theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair.”

Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933 to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of Blood Wedding, García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture Play and Theory of the Duende. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason.
As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work Sonnets to his dark love (1936) was inspired by a passion for Rafael Rodriguez Rapun, secretary of La Barraca. The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th century poet San Juan de la Cruz. La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the new government in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936.
Lorca kept Huerta de San Vicente as his summer house in Granada from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años) (1931), Blood Wedding (Bodas de sangre) (1932), Yerma (1934) and Diván del Tamarit (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.
Although García Lorca's artwork doesn't often receive attention he was also a keen artist.

 

Death

García Lorca left Madrid for his family home in Granada only three days before the Spanish Civil War broke out (July 1936). The Spanish political and social climate had greatly intensified after the murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardia de Asalto). García Lorca knew that he would be suspect to the rising right wing for his outspoken liberal views. On 18 August, his brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, the leftist mayor of Granada, was shot. Lorca was arrested that same afternoon.
It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia on 19 August 1936. The author Ian Gibson in his book The Assassination of García Lorca alleges that he was shot with three others (Joaquin Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadi Mergal and Dioscoro Galindo Gonzalez) at a place known as the Fuente Grande, or Great Fountain in Spanish, which is on the road between Viznar and Alfacar.